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Science > Chemistry C1 > Flashcards

Chemistry C1 Flashcards

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0
Q

Cathode

A

Negative

Hydrogen only comes out here

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1
Q

What is produced by all acids in electrolysis

A

Hydrogen

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2
Q

Annode

A

Positive

Oxygen and chlorine only come out here

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3
Q

Electrolysis of hydrochloric acid

A

Decomposes into hydrogen and chlorine gas

At the annode, it bubbles and fills slowly with a green gas that bleaches damp blue litmus (chlorine)

At the cathode, it bubbles rapidly with a gas that burns with a squeaky pop (hydrogen)

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4
Q

Electrolysis

A

The breaking down of a compound using electricity

Electricity comes from a direct current source

Electricity is applied by 2 electrodes

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5
Q

Ores

A

An ore is a rock from which enough metal can be extracted to make a profit

Finite resource

The more reactive the metal is the harder it is to extract

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6
Q

Different ways to extract metals

A

Electrolysis- potassium, sodium, aluminium

Heating with carbon- zinc, iron, tin, lead

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7
Q

Oxidation

A

A chemical reaction in which an element or compound gains oxygen

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8
Q

Reduction

A

A chemical reaction in which an element or compound loses oxygen

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9
Q

Redox reaction

A

Where oxidation and reduction is taking place at the same time

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10
Q

Oxidising agent

A

Adds oxygen to another substance

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11
Q

Reducing agent

A

Takes away oxygen from another substance

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12
Q

Rusting of iron

A

Oxygen and water must be present

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13
Q

Things that encourage rusting

A

Acid

Copper

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14
Q

Slows down rusting

A

Magnesium

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15
Q

Alloys

A

Make metals better
Cannot write a formula for them
Mixture of two elements of which one is a metal

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16
Q

Smart alloys

A

Change their properties if the conditions change

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17
Q

Crude oil

A
  • Mixture of hydrocarbons
  • Each faction is NOT pure
  • It’s a mixture so the different hydrocarbon molecules are not chemically bonded and keep their original properties
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18
Q 
Lovely
Ponies
Neigh
Proudly 
Down
Fluffy
Long
Bridges
A 
LPG- cooking, camping gas, lighters
Petrol- fuel for cars
Naphtha- making other chemicals
Paraffin (kerosene) -jet fuel
Diesel oil- large machines, trains
Fuel oil- ships
Lube oil- axel greases
Bitumen-Tarmac, waterproofing houses, rooves
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19
Q

Complete combustion

A

When there is no limit to the amount of oxygen you have

Releases lots of energy and no harmful waste products

Clean blue flame

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20
Q

Fuel

A

A substance that releases usable energy

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21
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Substances that contain only carbon and hydrogen joined together

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22
Q

Alkanes

A
  • Made up of chains of carbon atoms with single bonds
  • Saturated because no spare bonds
  • Don’t turn bromine colourless (no spare bonds)
  • Don’t form polymers

Methane - Ethane - Propane

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23
Q

Cracking

A

Splitting up long chain hydrocarbons to form alkenes

Thermal decomposition – uses heat

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24
Q

Polymerisation

A

Turning alkenes into long chains

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25
Q

3 phases of Atmosphere evolution

A
  1. Volcanoes gave out gases
  2. Green plants evolved and produced oxygen
  3. Ozone layer allows evolution of complex animals
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26
Q

Volcano gas release

A
  • The earths surface was originally molten, any atmosphere boiled away
  • Eventually a thin crust formed
  • Volcanoes gave out lots of gas
  • Oceans formed
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27
Q

Why were oceans formed?

A

Volcanoes gave out gas such as CO2 and Oxygen which condensed to create the oceans and atmosphere

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28
Q

Early atmosphere

A

Mostly CO2 with virtually no Oxygen

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29
Q

Green plants evolved and produced oxygen

A
  1. A lot of the CO2 dissolved into the oceans
  2. Marine organisms developed and took in the CO2, they died and were locked in carbonate rocks
  3. Green plants evolved taking in the CO2 and using photosynthesis to turn this into oxygen
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30
Q

Ozone layer allows evolution of complex animals

A
  1. Build up of oxygen killed of organisms that couldn’t take it but more complex organisms began to develop
  2. Oxygen created Ozone layer (O3) blocked harmful rays
  3. Little CO2
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31
Q

Today’s atmosphere

A

Atmosphere is still changing due to human and volcano activity.

Sources of information on the evolution of the atmosphere is limited

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32
Q

How is human activity changing the atmosphere?

A
  1. Burning fossil fuels releases CO2
  2. Deforestation contributes to rising CO2 less trees converting it
  3. Livestock farming releases huge amounts of methane
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33
Q

How is volcanic activity changing the atmosphere?

A
  1. Sulphur dioxide can be thrown high into the atmosphere when they erupt, this reacts with sunlight water and oxygen to form smog
  2. Carbon dioxide is released by volcanic eruptions
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34
Q

Why are information sources on the evolution of the atmosphere limited

A
  • We’ve learned a lot from Antarctic ice cores. Bubbles of air get trapped in new layers each year
  • However this must be precise as the changes are tiny
  • Some is down to guesswork because no one was actually around at the time
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35
Q

Experiment to investigate the proportion of Oxygen in the atmosphere

A
  1. When heated copper reacts with the oxygen in the air
  2. If u heat an excess of copper and pass air over it using 2 syringes. You use the markers to find how much oxygen has been used up starting with 100cm3 of air
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36
Q

Chemical equation for oxygen proportion test

A

2cu + O2 –> 2CuO

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37
Q

Three types of rock

A

Sedimentary
Igneous
Metamorphic

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38
Q

Sedimentary

A
  1. Formed from layers of sediment laid down in lakes or seas
  2. Layers get pressed squeezing out the water
  3. Fluids flowing through pores deposit natural cement

Limestone and chalk

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39
Q

Metamorphic

A
  • Formed from other rocks in pressure and heat over time
  • Chemical composition= same as original
  • Don’t actually melt

Marble

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40
Q

Marble

A

Formed from limestone or chalk

Very high temperatures break down limestone and reforms as small crystals

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41
Q

Igneous rocks

A
  1. When molten magma pushes up into the crust or through it before cooling and solidifying
  2. Various different minerals and randomly arranged interlocking crystals

Granite

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42
Q

Two types of igneous rocks

A

Extrusive

Intrusive

43
Q

Extrusive

A

Igneous rocks cool quickly above ground

Small crystals

Basalt

44
Q

Intrusive

A

Igneous rocks call slowly underground

Form big crystals

Granite

45
Q

Limestone uses

A 
Building material
Statues 
Crushed up for road surfacing 
With powdered clay to make cement
Glass
Neutralise acidic soil
46
Q

Advantages of limestone

A
  • Many uses
  • Neutralise sulphur dioxide
  • Quarry provides jobs + brings money to local economy
  • Once quarrying is complete restoration is required
47
Q

Limestone disadvantages

A
  • Acid rain erodes it
  • Quarrying it makes ugly holes
  • Quarrying process makes lots of noise and dust
  • Destroys habitats of birds and animals
  • Limestone needs to be transported away
  • Waste materials produce tips
48
Q

Limestone thermal decomposition

A

Calcium carbonate –> calcium oxide+ carbon dioxide

CaCO3–> CaO + CO2

Other carbonates decompose the same way

49
Q

Thermal decomposition of carbonates

A

Zinc carbonate and copper carbonate thermally decompose in the same way as calcium carbonate to form an oxide and carbon dioxide

Less stable carbonates will decompose faster

50
Q

Calcium oxide reaction with water

A

CaO + H2O –> Ca (OH)2 calcium hydroxide

Can be used to neutralise acidic soil
Dissolves in water to create limewater

51
Q

Atoms aren’t lost or made in chemical reactions

A

They are just arranged in different ways to give new products

The mass is the same

52
Q

Reaction in a sealed container

A

The total mass doesn’t change

Good example is a precipitation reaction

Eg copper sulphate and sodium hydroxide

53
Q

Acid

A

Substance with a pH less than 7

54
Q

Base

A

Insoluble alkali

55
Q

Alkali

A

Substance with a pH greater than 7

56
Q

Neutralisation between acids and bases

A

Forms salt and water

Products are neutral

Acid + base –> salt + water

57
Q

Salt uses

A

Fertilisers- ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate

Fireworks as colouring agents

58
Q

Stomach produces Hydrochloric acid

A
  1. Helps with digestion- enzymes work best in acidic environment
  2. Acid helps to kill bacteria prevents food poisoning
59
Q

Indigestion is caused by

A

Too much hydrochloric acid in the stomach

Indigestion tablets contain bases such as calcium carbonate which neutralises the excess acid

60
Q

Test how much acid a single tablet can neutralise

A

Crush up one dose and dissolve in a volume of water
Add three drops of indicator
Fill a burette with hydrochloric acid
When colour stays then stop
Work out volume of HCL it could neutralise

61
Q

Metal oxides and metal hydroxides are often bases

A

This means they can be neutralised with acids to for, salt and water

62
Q

The combination of mets, and acids decides the salt

A

Eg hydrochloric acid + copper oxide
—————–>
Copper chloride + water

63
Q

What happens when carbonates neutralise acids

A

They give off CO2

64
Q

Electrolyte

A

The solution in electrolysis

65
Q

Test for chlorine

A

Bleaches damp blue litmus paper

66
Q

Danger of chlorine

A

Chlorine is toxic

67
Q

Three uses of chlorine

A

Treat water supplies
Needed for the manufacture of bleach
Used to make the polymer polychloroethene

68
Q

Electrolysis of water

A

Gives hydrogen and oxygen

69
Q

Test for oxygen

A

The gas will relight a glowing splint

70
Q

Properties of metals

A

Strong
Bendy
Conductors

71
Q

Aluminium

A

low density, corrosion resistant

Window frames, aircraft

72
Q

Why do we make alloys

A

In order to make pure metals stronger and increase the uses

73
Q

Why are alloys harder?

A

Different sized atoms so making it harder for atoms to slide over each other therefore the alloy is harder

74
Q

Example of a smart alloy

A

Nitinol- nickel and titanium

Can be used for glasses frames

75
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

When there isn’t enough oxygen

Carbon monoxide produced
Carbon produced

NOT SAFE

76
Q

Choosing a good fuel

A

Ease of ignition
Energy value
Ash and smoke
Storage and transport

77
Q

Environmental problems with burning fossil fuels

A
  • if incomplete then carbon monoxide and Carbon produced

- Contains sulphur impurities so sulphur dioxide produced which causes acid rain

78
Q

Acid rain

A

Caused by sulphur dioxide reacting with clouds to produce dilute sulphuric acid

Kills trees and damages buildings

Causes lakes to become acidic

79
Q

Sulphur can be removed from fuels before they’re burnt

A

This takes more energy which takes more fuel which releases more CO2

80
Q

Acid rain prevention

A

Acid gas scrubbers to take harmful gases out before they’re released

Cars have catalytic converters to clean up exhaust gases

Reduce use of fossil fuels

81
Q

Carbon dioxide problems

A

Greenhouse gas so acts as an insulating layer keeping heat in

Affected by humans- respiration, burning trees, deforestation, fossil fuels

82
Q

Biofuels

A

Biogas- microorganisms used to compose living organisms waste

Alcohol- eg ethanol made from sugar

However large amounts of land are needed where we could be growing food

83
Q

How fuel cells work

A

Hydrogen and Oxygen give out energy when they react + it only produces water

Uses a fuel and oxygen to generate electricity

84
Q

Fuel cell

A

An electrical cell that’s supplied with a fuel and oxygen and uses energy from the reaction between them to generate electricity

85
Q

Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell advantages

A

More efficient
Directly from reaction (no turbines etc)
Aren’t as many stages for heat to be lost
No moving parts so energy isn’t lost from friction
No pollutants

86
Q

Hydrogen oxygen fuel cell disadvantages

A

Gas so takes more space to store than liquid fuels
Very explosive so difficult to store safely
Made using electricity that must be generated

87
Q

Alkenes

A
  • Chains of carbon atoms with double bonds
  • Unsaturated
  • Decolourise Bromine water by forming bonds with the bromine atoms
  • They form polymers by opening their double bonds

Ethene - Propene

88
Q

Cracking advantages

A

Turns them into shorter more useful molecules
More demand for shorter molecules
Produce alkenes for plastics

89
Q

Conditions for cracking

A

Heat + catalyst

90
Q

Experiment for cracking

A

Mineral wool soaked in paraffin
Porcelain chips
Into glass jar

91
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

When there isn’t enough oxygen

Carbon monoxide produced
Carbon produced

NOT SAFE

92
Q

Choosing a good fuel

A

Ease of ignition
Energy value
Ash and smoke
Storage and transport

93
Q

Environmental problems with burning fossil fuels

A
  • if incomplete then carbon monoxide and Carbon produced

- Contains sulphur impurities so sulphur dioxide produced which causes acid rain

94
Q

Acid rain

A

Caused by sulphur dioxide reacting with clouds to produce dilute sulphuric acid

Kills trees and damages buildings

Causes lakes to become acidic

95
Q

Sulphur can be removed from fuels before they’re burnt

A

This takes more energy which takes more fuel which releases more CO2

96
Q

Acid rain prevention

A

Acid gas scrubbers to take harmful gases out before they’re released

Cars have catalytic converters to clean up exhaust gases

Reduce use of fossil fuels

97
Q

Carbon dioxide problems

A

Greenhouse gas so acts as an insulating layer keeping heat in

Affected by humans- respiration, burning trees, deforestation, fossil fuels

98
Q

Biofuels

A

Biogas- microorganisms used to compose living organisms waste

Alcohol- eg ethanol made from sugar

However large amounts of land are needed where we could be growing food

99
Q

The reactivity series- electrolysis

Purple       
Sausages
Crave
Minty
Apples
A 
Potassium      K
Sodium           Na 
Calcium          Ca
Magnesium    Mg
Aluminium      Al
100
Q

The reactivity series- carbon

Crazy 
Zebras 
Illustrate
Tin 
Ladders
A 
Carbon 
Zinc 
Iron 
Tin 
Lead
101
Q

Acid+ Metal carbonate

A

Salt + water + CO2

102
Q

Hydrochloric acid + Sodium Carbonate

A

2HCl + Na2CO3 –> 2NaCl + H20 + CO2

103
Q

Hydrochloric acid + Calcium Carbonate

A

2HCl + CaCO3 –> CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

104
Q

Copper

A

hard, strong, good conductor

Electrical wires, pipes

105
Q

Gold

A

easy to shape, unreactive

Jewellery

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