Physics Memorization Flashcards by Nathaniel Barr

What is a hypothesis

A prediction, based on a theory, so it shows the understanding of an expirement.

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explanatory, response and lurking variables are:

an explanatory variable is a variable that is planned, expected, and applied.
A response variable is a variable is something that is also planned, and is also explainable because it is something that happened in reaction in the experiment.
A lurking variable is something that happens over time in an experiment slowly effecting how the experiment goes in a negative way.

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What is truth

The way things really are, all the time, for everyone, everywhere, it never changess.

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What is a fact

Facts are learned through expirement, observations, inferences, and are only true as far as we know is evident. Bi=ut it is changeable through discovery of new data.

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Whats the cycle of scientific interprise

Hypothesis, expirement, analysis, theory

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what units are for measuring in the SI system?

Length - meter
Mass/weight - grams
Time - seconds

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Accuracy:

freedom from error

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precision:

the degree of fineness

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Distance equation

d = vt

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Acceleration equation

a = vf - vi (m/s) / t

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slope intercept formula:

y = mx + b

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negative acceleration:

deceleration

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Aristotle

Greek philospher, born 384 BC

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What order did people think the universe was ordered.

1 earth
2 moon
3 mercury
4 venus
5 sun
6 mars
7 jupiter
8 saturn
9 firmament (star orb)
10 primum mobile (realm of the gods)
11 emporeum (realm of god of gods)

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capernicus

polish astronemer born 1473-1543, first to prupose that sun was center of universe, his model used epicycles

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tycho brahe

danish astronemer, 1546-1601, he charted and noted most of the stars very well, he recorded and confirmed super novas, and proved copernicus’ model correct

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johanes kepler

tychos assistant and german astronemer, developed three laws of planetary motion

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Galileo Galilae

Italian astronemer, 1564-1642, hypothesized that force is needed to change motion, first to look into space with a telescope, figured out there are moons.

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Isaac Newton

British mathmetician, 1643-1727 developed calculus, develpoped three laws of motion

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Albert Einstein

Jewish - German scientist 1879-1955, developed theory of relativity

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metric prefixes (fractions):

centi - 100
milli - 1,000
micro - 1,000,000
nano - 1,000,000,000

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Metric prefixes (multiples):

kilo - 1,000
mega - 1,000,000
giga - 1,000,000,000

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ft = mi

5280 ft = 1 mi

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ft = yd

3 ft = 1 yd

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cm = in

2.54 cm = 1 in

speed of light

c = 3 x 10^8 m/s

acceleration due to gravity

g = 9.80 m/s^2

Newtons three laws

1 an object will not change it's motion unless a force acts on it. 2 f = ma. 3 when two objects interact with each other, they apply forces to each other of equal magnitude and opposite direction.

What is a theory

a mental model

velicoty definition

How fast something is going, or How fast the distance between an object and it's starting point increases

acceleration equation

a = vf - vi (m/s) / t

distance equation

d = vt

slope intercept form

y = mx+b

an upwards ark on a graph showing speed and distance is

acceleration

time equation

t = d/v

force equation

f = ma

weight equation

Fw = mg

What does a rocket to

when fuel comes out of a spout, and the fuel pushes on the rocket, and the rocket pushes on the fuel

momentum equation

P = mv

The law of conservation

in any interaction the total momentum of all objects stays the same

the law of conservaiton of energy

energy can not be created or destroyed, it can only changed in form.

kinetic energy equations

EK=1/2mv^2

gravitational poteential energy equation

Eg = mgh

Work equation

W = Fd

W means:

work

Forms of energy

1. Gravitational potential 2. Kinetic 3. Electromagnetic radiation 4. Chemical potential 5. Electrical 6. Thermal 7. Elastic potential 8. Nuclear 9. Acoustic

definition of work

a mechanical process by which energy energy is transformed from one form to another note: you don't have work, you DO work

Heat definition

Heat is energy that is in transit, flowing from a hot substance to a cooler substance

Friction definition

It is a force opposing the momentum of an object, and the result of friction is heat

Momentum equation

P=mv

Boiling points

Kelvin: 373.15 Celsius: 100 Farenheit: 212

Freezing points

Kelvin: 273.1 Celsius: 0 Farenheit: 32

thermal energy

the energy something has because it is heated up

Internal energy

the total of all the kinetic energy because of the atoms and/or molecules in an object

Absolute zero

when the tempurature is so cold that all motion stops, all types of energy sieze.

thermal equilibrim

heat will always flow from an object of higher tempuratuture to an object of lower temputatutre, thermal equilibrium is when the two objects have balanced their temperature and flow of energy.

Three ways you can transfer heat

Conduction Convection Radiation

Conduction

(For Solids) When vibrations from atoms are transferred to nearby atoms because the atoms are linked together spreading the energy over the substance

Convection

(For Liquids) When the heated molecules are free to move around, like in a liquid.

Radiation

kinetic energy equation

K.E. = 1/2 m v^2

specific heat capacity

what has the highest heat capacity out of any substance

water

thermal conductivity

a measure of how well a material will transfer heat within its own atomic structure by conduction

best non-metal conductor

rock

best conductor

metal

speed that something heats up

heat capacity

how much heat something can hold

Velocity equation (Waves)

v = λf

Period equation

τ=1/f

Amplitude

How far from the middle (average) the wave travels

Trough

the bottom of the wave

Crest or Peak

the top of the wave

Mechanical waves

Need a medium such as water or air

Transverse waves

Wherer the source of the wave is perpendicular to the direction the wave is going

Longitudinal waves

the direction of the wave is going the same direction of it's source

Circular waves

Like on water, any object floating on the hypothetical 2-D wave will go in a circular motion

if a wave is electromagnetic what is it's velocity

the speed of light (c = 3 x 10^8 m/s)

Wavelength velocity equation

v = λf

if something is in hertz than it's a

frquency

Equation for the period of a wave

τ = 1/f

Reflection

when the angle of incidence bounces off and equals the angle of reflection

Original wave

incendent wave

Refraction

When a wave changes direction due to it's speed, if something is hindering it, like glass.

DIspersion

The amount that light refracts depends on it's wavelength

Normal is a scientific synonym for

perpindicular

Diffraction

When waves bend around a cornerof an obstruction.

Interferance

This is when two waves arive at the same place at the same time, but the have to arrive in phase

MKS measurement for energy

Hertz

Supersonic

faster than the speed of sound

Ultrasonic

Frequencies that are too high to hear

Subsonic

slower than the speed of sound

infrasonic

Frequency too low to hear

Loudness

Higher energy = larger amplitude = louder sound

Wave length equation

λ = v/f

timbre

each intrument has it's own combination of harmonic frequincies that resonate in the intrument.

Electromagnetic waves

They aren't mechanical and can travel through anything including vaccumes.

Polarization

When all the light is filtered to go one direction

Rainbow

Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet

EM Spectrum, Larget wave length to smallest

AM, FM, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-ray, Gamma