Physics Memorization Flashcards
What is a hypothesis
A prediction, based on a theory, so it shows the understanding of an expirement.
explanatory, response and lurking variables are:
- an explanatory variable is a variable that is planned, expected, and applied.
- A response variable is a variable is something that is also planned, and is also explainable because it is something that happened in reaction in the experiment.
- A lurking variable is something that happens over time in an experiment slowly effecting how the experiment goes in a negative way.
What is truth
The way things really are, all the time, for everyone, everywhere, it never changess.
What is a fact
Facts are learned through expirement, observations, inferences, and are only true as far as we know is evident. Bi=ut it is changeable through discovery of new data.
Whats the cycle of scientific interprise
Hypothesis, expirement, analysis, theory
what units are for measuring in the SI system?
Length - meter
Mass/weight - grams
Time - seconds
Accuracy:
freedom from error
precision:
the degree of fineness
Distance equation
d = vt
Acceleration equation
a = vf - vi (m/s) / t
slope intercept formula:
y = mx + b
negative acceleration:
deceleration
Aristotle
Greek philospher, born 384 BC
What order did people think the universe was ordered.
1 earth
2 moon
3 mercury
4 venus
5 sun
6 mars
7 jupiter
8 saturn
9 firmament (star orb)
10 primum mobile (realm of the gods)
11 emporeum (realm of god of gods)
capernicus
polish astronemer born 1473-1543, first to prupose that sun was center of universe, his model used epicycles
tycho brahe
danish astronemer, 1546-1601, he charted and noted most of the stars very well, he recorded and confirmed super novas, and proved copernicus’ model correct
johanes kepler
tychos assistant and german astronemer, developed three laws of planetary motion
Galileo Galilae
Italian astronemer, 1564-1642, hypothesized that force is needed to change motion, first to look into space with a telescope, figured out there are moons.
Isaac Newton
British mathmetician, 1643-1727 developed calculus, develpoped three laws of motion
Albert Einstein
Jewish - German scientist 1879-1955, developed theory of relativity
metric prefixes (fractions):
centi - 100
milli - 1,000
micro - 1,000,000
nano - 1,000,000,000
Metric prefixes (multiples):
kilo - 1,000
mega - 1,000,000
giga - 1,000,000,000
ft = mi
5280 ft = 1 mi
ft = yd
3 ft = 1 yd
cm = in
2.54 cm = 1 in
speed of light
c = 3 x 10^8 m/s
acceleration due to gravity
g = 9.80 m/s^2
Newtons three laws
1 an object will not change it’s motion unless a force acts on it.
2 f = ma.
3 when two objects interact with each other, they apply forces to each other of equal magnitude and opposite direction.
What is a theory
a mental model
velicoty definition
How fast something is going, or How fast the distance between an object and it’s starting point increases
acceleration equation
a = vf - vi (m/s) / t
distance equation
d = vt
slope intercept form
y = mx+b
an upwards ark on a graph showing speed and distance is
acceleration
time equation
t = d/v
force equation
f = ma
weight equation
Fw = mg
What does a rocket to
when fuel comes out of a spout, and the fuel pushes on the rocket, and the rocket pushes on the fuel
momentum equation
P = mv
The law of conservation
in any interaction the total momentum of all objects stays the same
the law of conservaiton of energy
energy can not be created or destroyed, it can only changed in form.
kinetic energy equations
EK=1/2mv^2
gravitational poteential energy equation
Eg = mgh
Work equation
W = Fd
W means:
work
Forms of energy
- Gravitational potential
- Kinetic
- Electromagnetic radiation
- Chemical potential
- Electrical
- Thermal
- Elastic potential
- Nuclear
- Acoustic
definition of work
a mechanical process by which energy energy is transformed from one form to another
note: you don’t have work, you DO work
Heat definition
Heat is energy that is in transit, flowing from a hot substance to a cooler substance
Friction definition
It is a force opposing the momentum of an object, and the result of friction is heat
Momentum equation
P=mv
Boiling points
Kelvin: 373.15
Celsius: 100
Farenheit: 212
Freezing points
Kelvin: 273.1
Celsius: 0
Farenheit: 32
thermal energy
the energy something has because it is heated up
Internal energy
the total of all the kinetic energy because of the atoms and/or molecules in an object
Absolute zero
when the tempurature is so cold that all motion stops, all types of energy sieze.
thermal equilibrim
heat will always flow from an object of higher tempuratuture to an object of lower temputatutre, thermal equilibrium is when the two objects have balanced their temperature and flow of energy.
Three ways you can transfer heat
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Conduction
(For Solids) When vibrations from atoms are transferred to nearby atoms because the atoms are linked together spreading the energy over the substance
Convection
(For Liquids) When the heated molecules are free to move around, like in a liquid.
Radiation
kinetic energy equation
K.E. = 1/2 m v^2
specific heat capacity
what has the highest heat capacity out of any substance
water
thermal conductivity
a measure of how well a material will transfer heat within its own atomic structure by conduction
best non-metal conductor
rock
best conductor
metal
speed that something heats up
heat capacity
how much heat something can hold
Velocity equation (Waves)
v = λf
Period equation
τ=1/f
Amplitude
How far from the middle (average) the wave travels
Trough
the bottom of the wave
Crest or Peak
the top of the wave
Mechanical waves
Need a medium such as water or air
Transverse waves
Wherer the source of the wave is perpendicular to the direction the wave is going
Longitudinal waves
the direction of the wave is going the same direction of it’s source
Circular waves
Like on water, any object floating on the hypothetical 2-D wave will go in a circular motion
if a wave is electromagnetic what is it’s velocity
the speed of light (c = 3 x 10^8 m/s)
Wavelength velocity equation
v = λf
if something is in hertz than it’s a
frquency
Equation for the period of a wave
τ = 1/f
Reflection
when the angle of incidence bounces off and equals the angle of reflection
Original wave
incendent wave
Refraction
When a wave changes direction due to it’s speed, if something is hindering it, like glass.
DIspersion
The amount that light refracts depends on it’s wavelength
Normal is a scientific synonym for
perpindicular
Diffraction
When waves bend around a cornerof an obstruction.
Interferance
This is when two waves arive at the same place at the same time, but the have to arrive in phase
MKS measurement for energy
Hertz
Supersonic
faster than the speed of sound
Ultrasonic
Frequencies that are too high to hear
Subsonic
slower than the speed of sound
infrasonic
Frequency too low to hear
Loudness
Higher energy = larger amplitude = louder sound
Wave length equation
λ = v/f
timbre
each intrument has it’s own combination of harmonic frequincies that resonate in the intrument.
Electromagnetic waves
They aren’t mechanical and can travel through anything including vaccumes.
Polarization
When all the light is filtered to go one direction
Rainbow
Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet
EM Spectrum, Larget wave length to smallest
AM, FM, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-ray, Gamma
