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Xray > Physics for radiography > Flashcards

Physics for radiography Flashcards

1
Q

3 Basic form of matter

A

Solid , liquid ,and gas

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2
Q

The quantity of matter that makes up any physical object

A

Mass

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3
Q

Located in an orbit around the nucleus of an atom

A

Electron

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4
Q

What’s a negative (-) electrical charge

A

Electron

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5
Q

Considered fundamental particles of atoms

A

Proton and neutron

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6
Q

When a neutral atom gains or loses an electron, the atom is said to be

A

Ionized

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7
Q

Mechanical energy can be classified as either kinetic energy

A

Potential energy

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8
Q

X-ray consist of

A

Electromagnetic energy

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9
Q

X-ray with greater energy have a shorter ___ and are more penetrating

A

Wavelength

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10
Q

Which electromagnetic energy has the shortest wavelength

A

Diagnostic rays

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11
Q

Characteristics of X-rays

A

They are highly penetrating and invisible
They travel in straight lines at the speed of light

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12
Q

Smallest possible unit of electromagnetic energy

A

Photon

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13
Q

The common unit of measurement for the potential difference across an X-ray tube is

A

volt

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14
Q

The purpose of a transformer is

A

Increase or decrease voltage

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15
Q

Which electron shell in the atom is most important for the production of X-ray

A

K

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16
Q

The name of the innermost shell of an atom that is important in radiology

A

K-shell

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17
Q

What’s the atomic name of the particles that circle the nucleus of the atom

A

Electron

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18
Q

Electrons are held in place in their shell by ?

A

Binding energy

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19
Q

One of the most important elements used in the production of an X-ray is

A

Tungsten

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20
Q

When an electron is removed from an atom in the human body the process is

A

Ionization

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21
Q

The official name of the type of X-ray energy that occurs in high frequency sine wave

A

Electromagnetic

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22
Q

In a sine wave the name given to the distance from one crest of the wave to another crest is

A

Wavelength

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23
Q

Unit of electromagnetic frequency is

A

Hertz

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24
Q

In the us and canada public utilities deliver electrical current at what frequency

A

60 cycles for 60 hertz per sec

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25
Q

Diagnostic X-ray consist of what type of radiation on the electromagnetic spectrum

A

Ionizing

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26
Q

What type of wavelength do X-rays have

A

Very short

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27
Q

What type of frequency do X-rays have

A

Very high

28
Q

5 characteristics of X-ray

A

1 have no más
2. Highly penetrating and invisible
3. Electrically neutral
4 travel in straight line
5 can ionize matter

29
Q

Current is the quantity of electrons flowing in an electrical circuit . Current is measured in

A

amps or milliamperes

30
Q

Potential difference is the force behind the current in an electrical circuit. This force is measured in

A

Volts or kilovolts

31
Q

Typical X-ray tube operate in what kilo voltage range

A

50-125 kilovolts

32
Q

Typical X-ray tube operates in what milliampere range

A

50-500 milliamperes

33
Q

What type of current is delivered to homes in the us and Canada

A

Alternating

34
Q

The process of changing AC to DC is called

A

Rectification

35
Q

When an electrical current uses it’s magnetic field to create a secondary current the process called

A

Electromagnetic induction

36
Q

Name of the device that produces the high voltage needed for X-ray production

A

Transformer

37
Q

Name the two types of X-ray transformer that can raise or lower the voltage

A

Step up and step down

38
Q

Quantum mottle

A

*under exposure
When imaging system does not record the anatomy

39
Q

Umbra

A

Actual anatomic area, body part, shown in the radiographic image

40
Q

Penumbra

A

Unsharp edges of the umbra or body part

41
Q

Compton effect

A

40-125 vp
As kVP goes up Compton goes up - outer shell interaction

42
Q

Photoelectron

A

True absorption
No radiation comes out kVP goes up less photoelectron

43
Q

Scatter radiation

A

Creates fog that reduces both contrast & the visibility of spatial resolution

44
Q

4 fog

A
  1. Volume of tissue
  2. Higher kVP
  3. Density of absorbing matter - denser the body part less scatter
  4. Field size Collimation increased - scatter radiation fog increase
45
Q

2 type of grid

A

Parallel and focus

46
Q

Excessive absorption of useful radiation by the grid

A

Grid cutoff

47
Q

High frequency grid that does not move during the exposure

A

Stationary grid

48
Q

Dose creep

A

Rescaling without regard to appropriate exposure amount. Danger in relying on the system to fix image

49
Q

Contrast resolution

A

Software ability to distinguish similar structure

50
Q

Characteristics radiation

A

Created when an incoming electron interacts with the kshell electron and knocks it out of orbit

51
Q

Bremsstrahlung

A

Created when incoming electron is suddenly slowed down , changes direction and leaves the tungsten atom ( braking)

Produce a continuous X-ray spectrum

52
Q

Roentgen discovered X-rays while working with an ___tube

A

Crooked

53
Q

An “electron cloud” surrounding the filament of the cathode is referred to as a

A

Space charge

54
Q

Free electrons for X-ray production come from the

A

filament

55
Q

The creation of the space charge In the X-ray tube produces

A

Thermionic emission

56
Q

The majority of photon in the X-ray beam are created by which process

A

Bremsstrahlung interaction

57
Q

More then 99% of the energy of the electron stream is converted into

A

Heat

58
Q

The high speed rotation (10,000) of the anode enables

A

Greater dissipation of heat from high technical factor

59
Q

The degree of angulation of the X-ray tube target will determine the s

A

Size of the actual and effective focal spot

60
Q

A dual- focus X-ray tube has

A

2 filament and 2 focal spots

61
Q

The anode heel effect is a phenomenon of X-ray production that results in

A

Uneven distribution of radiation within the X-ray field

62
Q

Potential difference

A

The force or speed of the electron flow in the current

63
Q

Current

A

Is the quantity of electrons flowing in a circuit

64
Q

Ampere

A

Is the unit used to measure the rate, or volume of current flow in the circuit

65
Q

Step up transformer

A

Increases voltage from primary to secondary, amperage is decreased

66
Q

Step down transformer

A

Decreases voltage from primary to secondary, amperage is increased

Xray (8 decks)

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