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MCAT > Physics and Math > Flashcards

Physics and Math Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Dot Product

A

gives the scalar resultant of vector multiplication

A*B = |A||B|cos(theta)

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2
Q

Cross Product

A

gives the vector resultant of vector multiplication

A X B = |A||B|sin(theta)

use right-hand rule to determine direction (face of palm is the resulting vector)

not the resultant vector is PERPENDICULAR to the plane created by vector A and B

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3
Q

How to differentiate a vector going into or out of the page?

A

Into the page: a circle with an X in the middle
Out of the page: a circle with a dot in the middle

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4
Q

The SI unit for force?

A

Newton (kg.m/s^2)

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5
Q

The magnitude of the gravitational force between two objects is …

A

Fg = Gm1m2/r^2

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6
Q

Kinetic Friction equation

A

coefficient of kinetic friction * N

N = normal force

note: the coefficient of static friction is ALWAYS larger than the coefficient of kinetic friction

unitless

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7
Q

Newton’s First Law

A

Fnet = ma = 0

an object will stay at rest unless a force is acted upon it

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8
Q

Newton’s Second Law

A

Fnet = ma

an object will move when a non zero force is acted upon it

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9
Q

Newton’s Third Law

A

Fab = -Fba

opposite and equal reaction

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10
Q

What are the four kinematic equations of linear motion?

A

v = v0 +at
x = v0t + 0.5at^2
v^2 = v0^2 + 2ax
x = vt

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11
Q

Circular motion equation

A

Fc = mv^2/r

Fc = centripetal force
m = mass
v = speed
r = radius

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12
Q

Torque Equation

A

torque = r x F = rFsin(theta)

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13
Q

Unit of energy?

A

Joule (J)

kg * m^2 / s^2

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14
Q

Equation for kinetic and potential energy.

A

K = 1/5mv^2
U = mgh

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15
Q

Elastic potential energy equation.

A

U = 1/2kx^2

k = spring constant

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16
Q

Conservative forces

A

those that are path independent and do not dissipate energy

GRAVITATIONALA ND ELECTROSTATIC FORCES

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17
Q

The conservation of mechanical energy can be expressed as…

A

deltaE = deltaU + deltaK = 0

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18
Q

Define Work and give the equation

A

the process by which energy is transferred from one system to another

W = F*d = Fdcos(theta)

Joule (J)

theta is the angle between the force vector and displacement vector

NOT A FORM OF ENERGY ITSELF

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19
Q

Positive work vs negative work?

A

+W = work done BY a system
-W = work done ON a system

e.g. gas expanding is +W (work was done by the gas)

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20
Q

Does an isovolumetric/isochoric process have negative or positive work?

A

NEITHER

no volume change means no work done

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21
Q

What is the formula for work in a isobaric process?

A

W = PdeltaV

isobaric = pressure remains constant

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22
Q

Definition and formula for power.

A

Power refers to the rate at which energy is transferred from one system to another

i.e. how fast is the work being done

P = W/t = deltaE/t

work over time … change in energy over time

Watt (W)

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23
Q

Work-energy theorem in respect to kinetic energy.

A

Wnet = deltaK

work is the equal to the change in kinetic energy

24
Q

Mechanical advantage vs mechanical efficiency equation

A

Mechanical advantage = Fout/Fin

Efficiency = Wout/Win

25
Q

Mechanical Advantage in terms of the work being done?

A

Work done by the machine is THE SAME to do the task without it

BUT, by changing the distance over which the force is applied, then we change the magnitude of the input force required

26
Q

SI base units for force?

A

kg * m / s^2

NEWTON

27
Q

What is the temperature of the human body in Fahrenheit and Celsius, respectively?

A

98.6 and 37

28
Q

Conversion of Fahrenheit to Celsius?

A

F = (9/5)C + 32

29
Q

Thermal Expansion equation

A

deltaL = alpha LdeltaT

deltaL = change in length
alpha = coefficient of linear expansion
L = original length
deltaT = change in temperature

30
Q

Isolated System

A

not capable of exchanging energy or matter with their surroundings

total change in internal energy is ZERO

31
Q

Closed System

A

capable of exchanging energy, but not matter, with the environment

i.e. movable piston

MOST OF TEST DAY

32
Q

Open System

A

can exchange both matter and energy with the surroundings

33
Q

State Function

A

thermodynamic properties that are a function of only the current equilibrium state of the system

independent of path

34
Q

Process Functions

A

thermodynamic properties that are dependent on the path taken to get from one state to another

i.e. work and heat

35
Q

What is the equation for the First Law of Thermodynamics

A

deltaU = Q - W

the change in total internal energy of a system is equal to the amount of energy transferred in the form of heat TO the system, minus the amount of energy transferred FROM the system in the form of work

heat in minus work out

36
Q

What is the SI unit for heat? What is the alternative? Give the conversions.

A

SI unit is the Joule (J)

or

1 Calorie = 10^3 (1000) calories

1 cal is the amount of heat required to raise 1 g of water one degree Celsius

37
Q

Define specific heat and give the equation.

A

q = mcdeltaT

q = heat gained or lost
m = mass
c = specific heat of a substance
deltaT = change in temperature

NOTE: then going through a phase change, this becomes q = mL

L = heat of transformation / latent heat

specific heat (c) – the amount of heat energy required to raise one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius or Kelvin

the specific heat of water is 1 cal/g*K

38
Q

When would the specific heat of a system drastically change?

A

When going through a phase change!!!

heat added or removed from the system does NOT result in a change in temperature

39
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics when the system is:
1. Isothermal
2. Adiabatic
3. Isovolumetric

A
  1. deltaU = 0; Q = W
  2. Q=0; delta U = -W
  3. W=0; deltaU = Q
40
Q

Equation for the change in entropy?

A

deltaS = Qrev / T

Qrev = heat gained or loss in a reversible process

SI Unit of entropy (S) = J / mol * K

41
Q

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

deltaS_universe = deltaS_system + deltaS_surroundings > 0

the energy in a closed system will spontaneously spread out and entropy will increase if it is not hindered from doing so

42
Q

Formula for density

A

p (density) = m/V

43
Q

SI units for density

A

kg/m3/ , g/mL , g/cm3/

44
Q

Density of Water

A

1 g/cm3 OR 1000 kg/m3

45
Q

What is the weight of a fluid?

A

Fg = pVg

p (rho) = density

46
Q

What is the formula and SI unit for pressure?

A

P = F / A … force over area

SI = Pascal (Pa) or N/m2

47
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure? I.e. what is the pressure exerted on a submerged object?

A

P = P0 + pgz

P0 = ambient pressure (on the surface)
z = depth of the object
p = density

48
Q

What is gauge pressure?

A

difference between the hydrostatic pressure inside a closed container and the atmospheric pressure outside

Pgauge = P - Patm

49
Q

Equation for buoyant force?

A

FB = pairgV

pair = density of air
g = acceleration due to gravity
V = volume

50
Q

Real vs Virtual Images

Lens physics

A

CONVEX lenses form REAL images
CONCAVE lenses form virtual images

51
Q

What is the equation for the radius of curvature of a lens?

A

R = 2f

f = focal length of the lens

52
Q

What is the equation for equilibrium partial pressure of a reaction?

A

Kp = Pproductsm / Preactantsn

53
Q

Concave vs Convex Lens

A

Concave bends DIVERGING light (bends light OUTWARD)
Convex bends light IN

54
Q

Nearsightedness? also called what?

A

called MYOPIA

light bends too much!

image formed in FRONT of retina

55
Q

Strength of a lens equation?

A

S = 1/o + 1/i

S = strenght of lens (Diopter // D)
o = object distance from lens
i = image distance from lens

56
Q

Single split diffraction pattern equation?

A

sin(theta) = m*lambda / alpha

theta = angle of dark bands
lambda = wavelength of the light
alpha = width of the slit
m = integer

57
Q

What is the gas constant?

A

R = 0.082 L * atm / K * mol

MCAT (6 decks)

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