Physics and Instrumentation

Question 1

A beta-minus particle is the same as a

Answer 1

Electron

Question 2

If a radionuclide that had a physical half life of one million years, and a biological half life of one second, the effective half life would be

Answer 2

Less than one second

Question 3

Rest mass means that

Answer 3

The particle has no kinetic energy

Question 4

Gamma rays originate in the

Answer 4

Atomic nuclei

Question 5

A Curie is

Answer 5

3.7 x 10^10 disintegrations per second

Question 6

What is the standard deviation of 40,000 counts

Answer 6

200

Take the Square root of 40,000

Question 7

Pair production is always followed by

Answer 7

Pair annihilation

Question 8

During the process of beta minus or decay

Answer 8

A neutron is converted into a proton, and an electron

Question 9

The difference in mass is noted in isotopes of a specific element is attributed to varying numbers of

Answer 9

Neutrons

Question 10

Alpha decay results in a new nuclide with a

Answer 10

Mass number reduced by four, and an atomic number reduced by two

Question 11

The transition of Tc99m to Tc99 is considered to be

Answer 11

Isomeric

Question 12

The time required for a source of radioactivity to lose 50% of its activity by decay is called

Answer 12

Physical half life

Question 13

An alpha particle consist of

Answer 13

Two protons and two neutrons

Question 14

The dose equivalent for occupational whole body exposure is commonly limited to 50 mSv. How many rem is this

Answer 14

5 rem

Question 15

Radioactive decay is what kind of process

Answer 15

Random

Question 16

In the photoelectric process, the incoming photon

Answer 16

Is completely absorbed

Question 17

When converting 1824 to an exponential form, the answer would be

Answer 17

1.824 x 10^3

Question 18

Rad is the same as

Answer 18

Radiation absorbed dose

Question 19

Two atoms with the same mass number, but different atomic numbers are called

Answer 19

Isobars

Question 20

Milli Ci is the same as

Answer 20

3.7 x 10^7 disintegrations per second

Question 21

The minimum MeV photon energy required for pair production is

Answer 21

1.022

Question 22

10 mCi is equal to how many becquerels

Answer 22

370 MBq

Question 23

When converting 10^3 to an exponential form, the answer would be

Answer 23

1.0 x 10^3

Question 24

In order to maintain nuclear stability, as atoms increase in complexity, the number of

Answer 24

Neutrons must increase at a faster rate than the number of photons

Question 25

The relative mass of a gamma ray is

Answer 25

0

Question 26

Pair annihilation interaction is a reaction between

Answer 26

Electrons and positrons

Question 27

In gamma emission, the mass number changes by

Answer 27

0

Question 28

Positron decay comes from the nucleus that is

Answer 28

Neutron poor

Question 29

The production of light nuclei from a heavy nucleus is called

Answer 29

Fission

Question 30

In beta- emission, the negatron comes from where in the nucleus

Answer 30

Neutron

Question 31

When electron capture occurs

Answer 31

An orbital electron is captured and combined with a proton to form a neutron

Question 32

The function of the neutrons in the nucleus is to

Answer 32

Determine nuclear stability

Question 33

After three half lives, the percentage of the original activity of a sample remaining is what percent

Answer 33

12.5

Question 34

The difference between x rays and gamma rays is

Answer 34

Gamma rays are produced in the nucleus of the atom

Question 35

The function of the proton in the nucleus is to

Answer 35

Determine physical characteristics of atoms

Question 36

The conversion of one element to another by radioactivity decay is called

Answer 36

Transmutation

Question 37

When using a probe for counting studies such as a thyroid uptake test:

Answer 37

A single bore collimator is used

Question 38

The exponential increase in number of electrons from cathode to anode occurs in the

Answer 38

Photomultiplier tube

Question 39

In planar imaging, resolution and sensitivity are

Answer 39

Inversely related

Question 40

The basic function of a photomultiplier tube is to convert

Answer 40

Light into an electrical pulse and amplify the pulse

Question 41

To obtain an accurate reading, a survey meter must be

Answer 41

Calibrated

Question 42

What type of survey meter is best for high levels of activity

Answer 42

Ionization

Question 43

To achieve the highest resolution using a parallel hole collimator

Answer 43

The patient is placed as close to the collimator as possible

Question 44

Which detector has the greatest sensitivity for detecting radiation

Answer 44

GM meter

Question 45

Which statements are correct regarding different types and uses of SPECT filters

Answer 45

High pass filters such as Ramp filter erases blurring Butterworth filter is a lower pass filter

Question 46

Artifacts caused by a collimator can be confirmed by performing

Answer 46

An extrinsic uniformity flood followed by second extrinsic uniformity flood with the collimator rotated at 90 degrees from the original

Question 47

Scintillation detectors are used to convert light into electric pulses (T/F)

Answer 47

True

Question 48

In nuclear medicine, the ability of a system to accurately depict two separate events is called

Answer 48

Resolution

Question 49

Typically, an increase in resolution results in

Answer 49

A decrease in sensitivity

Question 50

What is the maximum activity for a counter-sample

Answer 50

1 micro curie of activity

Question 51

Increasing the hole diameter of septa results in

Answer 51

Increased sensitivity

Question 52

Material that is hygroscopic

Answer 52

Readily absorbs water

Question 53

A pulse height analyzer is

Answer 53

Electronic circuitry with an upper-level discriminator and a lower-level discriminator

Question 54

When using a probe or well counter, lower and upper-level pulse discrimination is achieved by

Answer 54

Using a window

Question 55

The full width at half maximum (FWHM) is often used as a measure of

Answer 55

Energy resolution

Question 56

A dose calibrator has a radionuclide selection for

Answer 56

Radionuclides that have specific ionization/activity

Question 57

Which of the following quality control tests should be performed each day as the dose calibrator is used

Answer 57

Constancy

Question 58

When using a source to calibrate a survey meter, it should

Answer 58

Measure within 20% of its calibrated activity

Question 59

Why cant the thyroid probe be used for imaging purposes

Answer 59

It has a open bore collimator

Question 60

The amount of light emitted by a Nal(TL) crystal depends upon the

Answer 60

Energy of the gamma-ray Energy absorbed by the crystal

Question 61

The "dead time" of a geiger tube refers to the time during which

Answer 61

No radiation is detected

Question 62

Light flashes in the scintillation crystal are converted into measurable electronic pulses by the

Answer 62

Photomultiplier tube

Question 63

How often must a dose calibrator constancy test be performed

Answer 63

daily

Question 64

Extrinsic resolution is determined by

Answer 64

Intrinsic resolution Collimator physical design Collimator material construction The energy of the gamma events

Question 65

The center of rotation measurement

Answer 65

Determines the offset between the camera center and projections

Question 66

In a Nal (TL) scintillation detector, the pre-amplifier is usually attached directly to the

Answer 66

Photomultiplier tube

Question 68

Linearity testing of a dose calibrator must be performed

Answer 68

Quarterly

Question 69

In a scintillation detector, Thallium is added to a sodium iodide crystal, to allow the crystal to

Answer 69

Fluoresce or give off visible light at a room temperature

Question 70

The purpose of the photocathode of a photomultiplier tube is to absorb ______and emit ______

Answer 70

Photons Electrons

Question 71

In an ionization chamber the size of the pulse is

Answer 71

Directly related to the amount of energy deposited in the gas by the ionization event

Question 72

Why is body contouring in SPECT imaging desirable

Answer 72

Increased resolution

Question 73

When the same nonuniformity is back-projected at each of the angles of acquisition, the result is

Answer 73

A ring artifact

Question 74

If insufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes of the ionization chamber

Answer 74

The ions created will recombine before reaching the electrodes

Question 75

The most commonly used scintillation material in the nuclear medicine laboratory is

Answer 75

Nal (TL)

Question 76

Pixel size should be

Answer 76

1/3 the size of the system resolution

Question 77

The best collimator to use with modern gamma camera is

Answer 77

High resolution collimator

Question 78

SPECT iterative reconstruction is a reconstruction process which

Answer 78

Reconstructs a SPECT image by the estimation of the distribution of counts through a series of successive approximations

Question 79

Which detector provides a reading of the rate of radiation exposure

Answer 79

Ionization chamber

Question 80

How often must a dose calibrator geometry test be performed?

Answer 80

On instillation or after repair

Question 81

The device that operates in the saturation range includes all of the following

Answer 81

Ionization chamber Dose calibrator