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Nuc med > Physics and Instrumentation > Flashcards

Physics and Instrumentation Flashcards

1
Q

A beta-minus particle is the same as a

A

Electron

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2
Q

If a radionuclide that had a physical half life of one million years, and a biological half life of one second, the effective half life would be

A

Less than one second

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3
Q

Rest mass means that

A

The particle has no kinetic energy

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4
Q

Gamma rays originate in the

A

Atomic nuclei

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5
Q

A Curie is

A

3.7 x 10^10 disintegrations per second

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6
Q

What is the standard deviation of 40,000 counts

A

200

Take the Square root of 40,000

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7
Q

Pair production is always followed by

A

Pair annihilation

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8
Q

During the process of beta minus or decay

A

A neutron is converted into a proton, and an electron

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9
Q

The difference in mass is noted in isotopes of a specific element is attributed to varying numbers of

A

Neutrons

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10
Q

Alpha decay results in a new nuclide with a

A

Mass number reduced by four, and an atomic number reduced by two

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11
Q

The transition of Tc99m to Tc99 is considered to be

A

Isomeric

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12
Q

The time required for a source of radioactivity to lose 50% of its activity by decay is called

A

Physical half life

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13
Q

An alpha particle consist of

A

Two protons and two neutrons

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14
Q

The dose equivalent for occupational whole body exposure is commonly limited to 50 mSv. How many rem is this

A

5 rem

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15
Q

Radioactive decay is what kind of process

A

Random

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16
Q

In the photoelectric process, the incoming photon

A

Is completely absorbed

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17
Q

When converting 1824 to an exponential form, the answer would be

A

1.824 x 10^3

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18
Q

Rad is the same as

A

Radiation absorbed dose

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19
Q

Two atoms with the same mass number, but different atomic numbers are called

A

Isobars

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20
Q

Milli Ci is the same as

A

3.7 x 10^7 disintegrations per second

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21
Q

The minimum MeV photon energy required for pair production is

A

1.022

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22
Q

10 mCi is equal to how many becquerels

A

370 MBq

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23
Q

When converting 10^3 to an exponential form, the answer would be

A

1.0 x 10^3

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24
Q

In order to maintain nuclear stability, as atoms increase in complexity, the number of

A

Neutrons must increase at a faster rate than the number of photons

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25
Q

The relative mass of a gamma ray is

A

0

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26
Q

Pair annihilation interaction is a reaction between

A

Electrons and positrons

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27
Q

In gamma emission, the mass number changes by

A

0

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28
Q

Positron decay comes from the nucleus that is

A

Neutron poor

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29
Q

The production of light nuclei from a heavy nucleus is called

A

Fission

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30
Q

In beta- emission, the negatron comes from where in the nucleus

A

Neutron

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31
Q

When electron capture occurs

A

An orbital electron is captured and combined with a proton to form a neutron

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32
Q

The function of the neutrons in the nucleus is to

A

Determine nuclear stability

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33
Q

After three half lives, the percentage of the original activity of a sample remaining is what percent

A

12.5

34
Q

The difference between x rays and gamma rays is

A

Gamma rays are produced in the nucleus of the atom

35
Q

The function of the proton in the nucleus is to

A

Determine physical characteristics of atoms

36
Q

The conversion of one element to another by radioactivity decay is called

A

Transmutation

37
Q

When using a probe for counting studies such as a thyroid uptake test:

A

A single bore collimator is used

38
Q

The exponential increase in number of electrons from cathode to anode occurs in the

A

Photomultiplier tube

39
Q

In planar imaging, resolution and sensitivity are

A

Inversely related

40
Q

The basic function of a photomultiplier tube is to convert

A

Light into an electrical pulse and amplify the pulse

41
Q

To obtain an accurate reading, a survey meter must be

A

Calibrated

42
Q

What type of survey meter is best for high levels of activity

A

Ionization

43
Q

To achieve the highest resolution using a parallel hole collimator

A

The patient is placed as close to the collimator as possible

44
Q

Which detector has the greatest sensitivity for detecting radiation

A

GM meter

45
Q

Which statements are correct regarding different types and uses of SPECT filters

A

High pass filters such as Ramp filter erases blurring

Butterworth filter is a lower pass filter

46
Q

Artifacts caused by a collimator can be confirmed by performing

A

An extrinsic uniformity flood followed by second extrinsic uniformity flood with the collimator rotated at 90 degrees from the original

47
Q

Scintillation detectors are used to convert light into electric pulses (T/F)

A

True

48
Q

In nuclear medicine, the ability of a system to accurately depict two separate events is called

A

Resolution

49
Q

Typically, an increase in resolution results in

A

A decrease in sensitivity

50
Q

What is the maximum activity for a counter-sample

A

1 micro curie of activity

51
Q

Increasing the hole diameter of septa results in

A

Increased sensitivity

52
Q

Material that is hygroscopic

A

Readily absorbs water

53
Q

A pulse height analyzer is

A

Electronic circuitry with an upper-level discriminator and a lower-level discriminator

54
Q

When using a probe or well counter, lower and upper-level pulse discrimination is achieved by

A

Using a window

55
Q

The full width at half maximum (FWHM) is often used as a measure of

A

Energy resolution

56
Q

A dose calibrator has a radionuclide selection for

A

Radionuclides that have specific ionization/activity

57
Q

Which of the following quality control tests should be performed each day as the dose calibrator is used

A

Constancy

58
Q

When using a source to calibrate a survey meter, it should

A

Measure within 20% of its calibrated activity

59
Q

Why cant the thyroid probe be used for imaging purposes

A

It has a open bore collimator

60
Q

The amount of light emitted by a Nal(TL) crystal depends upon the

A

Energy of the gamma-ray

Energy absorbed by the crystal

61
Q

The “dead time” of a geiger tube refers to the time during which

A

No radiation is detected

62
Q

Light flashes in the scintillation crystal are converted into measurable electronic pulses by the

A

Photomultiplier tube

63
Q

How often must a dose calibrator constancy test be performed

A

daily

64
Q

Extrinsic resolution is determined by

A

Intrinsic resolution

Collimator physical design

Collimator material construction

The energy of the gamma events

65
Q

The center of rotation measurement

A

Determines the offset between the camera center and projections

66
Q

In a Nal (TL) scintillation detector, the pre-amplifier is usually attached directly to the

A

Photomultiplier tube

67
Q
A
68
Q

Linearity testing of a dose calibrator must be performed

A

Quarterly

69
Q

In a scintillation detector, Thallium is added to a sodium iodide crystal, to allow the crystal to

A

Fluoresce or give off visible light at a room temperature

70
Q

The purpose of the photocathode of a photomultiplier tube is to absorb ______and emit ______

A

Photons

Electrons

71
Q

In an ionization chamber the size of the pulse is

A

Directly related to the amount of energy deposited in the gas by the ionization event

72
Q

Why is body contouring in SPECT imaging desirable

A

Increased resolution

73
Q

When the same nonuniformity is back-projected at each of the angles of acquisition, the result is

A

A ring artifact

74
Q

If insufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes of the ionization chamber

A

The ions created will recombine before reaching the electrodes

75
Q

The most commonly used scintillation material in the nuclear medicine laboratory is

A

Nal (TL)

76
Q

Pixel size should be

A

1/3 the size of the system resolution

77
Q

The best collimator to use with modern gamma camera is

A

High resolution collimator

78
Q

SPECT iterative reconstruction is a reconstruction process which

A

Reconstructs a SPECT image by the estimation of the distribution of counts through a series of successive approximations

79
Q

Which detector provides a reading of the rate of radiation exposure

A

Ionization chamber

80
Q

How often must a dose calibrator geometry test be performed?

A

On instillation or after repair

81
Q

The device that operates in the saturation range includes all of the following

A

Ionization chamber

Dose calibrator

Nuc med (3 decks)

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