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S3 exams > Physics > Flashcards

Physics Flashcards

1
Q

What is a wave

A

A transfer of energy from an origin to the desired output

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2
Q

What is amplitude

A

The height of a wave e.g. zero position to trough

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3
Q

What are the crest and the trough of a wave

A

Crest= the top of the waves curve

Trough= the bottom of the waves curve

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4
Q

What is wavelength

A

The distance taken for a wave to repeat itself

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5
Q

What is the zero position of a wave

A

Where the medium would be without a wave passing through it

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6
Q

What is the medium

A

The material that a wave travels through

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7
Q

What is the period of a wave

A

The time taken for a wave to repeat itself

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8
Q

What is the frequency

A

The number of complete waves per second

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9
Q

What is the formula of frequency

A

Frequency= No. of waves/ time

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10
Q

How can period be calculated

A

Period= time/ No. of waves

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11
Q

What are the two types of wave

A

+ transverse

+ longitudinal

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12
Q

What is a transverse wave

A

A wave in which the particles of the medium are vibrating perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer. An example of this a light wave

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13
Q

What is a longitudinal wave

A

A wave in which the particles in the medium are vibrating in the same direction as that of energy transfer.

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14
Q

What can sound waves travel through

A

Solids, liquids and gases but they can’t travel through a vacuum

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15
Q

Why can’t sound waves travel through vacuums

A

As the vacuum reduces the pressure of an area and this reduced pressure means that there are larger spaces between particles and the energy can’t be transferred as the particles aren’t colliding.

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16
Q

How can speed, distance or time be measured

A

V=d/t

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17
Q

What must you remember when solving problems involving reflection

A

The wave must cover twice the distance as it must get to the reflector and back to the point of origin.

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18
Q

What apparatus can be used to measure the speed of sound

A 
TSA:
\+ glass bottle
\+ metal rod 
\+ timer
\+ sound activated switches
\+ meter rod
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19
Q

What is the speed of sound general recorded as?

A

340 ms-1

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20
Q

What equation can be used to find frequency, wavelength or speed.

A

V=fllamda (very fast Lamborghini)

This is known as the wave equation

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21
Q

What is white light

A

A mixture of colours which can be separated into their wavelength by passing it through a prism. This is known as refraction

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22
Q

What are the colours revealed by refraction known as

A

Visible light

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23
Q

Revise EM spectrum

A

Now

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24
Q

What comes after red light, at the end of the visible spectrum.

A

Infrared light, which is similar to red light. The infrared frequencies nearest visible are called near-infrared.

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25
Q

What comes after violet light, at the end of the visible spectrum

A

Ultraviolet light

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26
Q

What is acronym for the EM spectrum

A 
Real
Men
In
Velcro
Uniforms
Xterminating
Germs
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27
Q

What do light waves not need

A

A medium to travel through

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28
Q

What can light waves do that sound waves can’t

A

Travel through vacuums

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29
Q

What is the speed of light

A

3x10 to the 8

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30
Q

What can light do when it hits a surface

A

+ transmit through it
+ get absorbed by
+ reflect off it

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31
Q

What is the ray of light that travels towards the reflection point known as

A

The incident ray

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32
Q

What is the ray of light travelling away from the reflection point known as

A

The reflected ray

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33
Q

What is the normal

A

The perpendicular line to the surface of reflection at that point.

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34
Q

What is the angle of incidence

A

The angle between the normal and incident ray

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35
Q

What is the angle of reflection

A

The angle between the normal and the reflected ray.

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36
Q

What is the law of reflection

A

The fact that the angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection

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37
Q

Why does reflection only work on smooth surfaces

A

As otherwise the rays are scattered in different angles

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38
Q

What is a concave lens

A

A lens in which the reflector reflects beams off the inside of a curve

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39
Q

What is a focal point

A

The point where the reflected rays converge at one place.

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40
Q

What is the focal length

A

The distance from the reflecting lens to the focal point

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41
Q

What is a convex reflector

A

A reflector in which the rays bounce off the outside of the curve

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42
Q

What is refraction

A

The altering of a rays path as it goes through different materials and therefore densities, allowing it to travel at different speeds

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43
Q

What happens when a ray goes from a less to more dense material

A

The ray bends toward the normal

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44
Q

What happens when a ray goes form a more to less dense material

A

The ray bends away from the normal

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45
Q

What changes when refraction occurs

A

Speed, direction and wavelength however frequency never changes

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46
Q

What is a converging lens

A

A lens which is thickest in the middle and therefore causes the rays to bend towards each other

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47
Q

What is a diverging lens

A

A lens that is thickest on the outside and therefore causes the rays to bend away from each other

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48
Q

What is total internal reflection

A

When a light ray meets an internal wall of a transparent material at a large angle of incidence and reflects off it.

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49
Q

What is an example of technology which uses total internal reflection

A

Optical fibres which then use the energy to carry lots of data

50
Q

What must happen for total internal reflection to occur

A

The angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle

51
Q

What is diffraction

A

When waves bend around obstacles or objects

52
Q

A longer wavelength causes for a greater…

A

Angle of diffraction

53
Q

What happens when a wave passes through a gap

A

It diffracts at both ends, causing it to become circular as the rays bend towards each other

54
Q

What is loudness of a sound measured in

A

Decibels and can be measured with a sound level meter

55
Q

What can the decibel scale be described as

A

Non-linear

56
Q

What does this mean

A

If a sound is ten times louder than another it differs by 10 dB however if it is one hundred times louder than another it differs by 20 dB

57
Q

What is the human sound frequency range

A

20 Hz to 20 kHz

58
Q

What is infrasound

A

Sound that is lower than 20 Hz

59
Q

What is ultrasound

A

Sound that is higher than 20 kHz

60
Q

What is an unstable nuclei

A

A nucleus that has too few or too many neutrons compared to origins making it charged.

61
Q

How does it become stable

A

Radioactive decay

62
Q

What are the three types of radioactive decay

A

+ alpha
+ beta
+ gamma

63
Q

What does alpha radiation consist of

A

Two protons and two neutrons

64
Q

What do beta particles consist of

A

Fast moving electrons

65
Q

What does gamma radiation consist of

A

EM waves with a very high frequency

66
Q

What is the charge of:
A- alpha
B- beta
C- gamma

A

A- two positive
B- one negative
C- no charge

67
Q

What is the range of alpha (A), beta (B) and gamma (C) particles in air

A

A- 5 cm
B- 10 m
C- almost infinite

68
Q

What can alpha radiation be absorbed by

A

A sheet of paper

69
Q

What can beta particles be absorbed by

A

3-5 mm of aluminium

70
Q

What can gamma particles be absorbed by

A

5 cm of lead

71
Q

What is the speed of the three types of radiation

A

Alpha has a speed of 3x10 to the 7 ms-1
Beta has a speed of 2.7x10 to the 8 ms-1
Gamma has a speed of 3x10 to the 8 ms-1

72
Q

What are ways to prevent radiation exposure

A

+ distance
+ time
+ shielding

73
Q

What is ionisation

A

The gain or loss of an electron from a stable atom

74
Q

Why does alpha radiation cause electrons to be removed

A

It attracts them due to its positive charge

75
Q

Why does beta radiation cause electrons to be removed

A

It repels them due it similar negative charge

76
Q

How does gamma radiation cause for electrons to be removed from an atom

A

They knock them away by bashing into them

77
Q

How can nuclear radiation be detected

A

+ a Geiger-muller tube
+ a spark counter
+ a film badge

78
Q

What is background radiation

A

The natural radiation already present on earth such as food and drink and gamma rays from the ground.

79
Q

What is activity

A

The number of nuclei that decay per second

80
Q

What formula can be used to calculate activity

A

A= N/T

81
Q

What is half life

A

The time taken for the activity of a substance to half

82
Q

How can half life be calculated from a graph

A

By finding a time and recording its activity then finding half of that time and recording its activity, the difference in activity is the half life.

83
Q

What is an example of a long term effect of radiation exposure

A

Cancer

84
Q

What is absorbed dose

A

The energy absorbed per kilogram of absorbing material . It is measured in grays

85
Q

How can absorbed dose be calculated

A

D= E/M

86
Q

What is equivalent dose

A

The effect that radiation has in living tissue. It is measured in sieverts

87
Q

How can equivalent dose be calculated

A

H= DWr

88
Q

What is the annual average background radiation in the UK

A

2.2 msV

89
Q

What are the two types of basic electrical circuit

A

Series

Parallel

90
Q

What is an electrical current

A

The rate of flow of charge

91
Q

What must be present for a current to flow

A

+ a complete conducting path

+ a source of energy

92
Q

What do electrical conductors do and electrical insulators don’t

A

Allow electricity to flow through them

93
Q

How can current be calculated

A

I= Q/T

94
Q

What is potential difference and how can it be calculated

A

The measure of electrical energy given off by one coulomb and can be calculated using the formula V= E/Q

95
Q

What are charge and potential difference measured with

A

Charge is measured with an ammeter

Potential difference is measured with a voltmeter

96
Q

What is the opposition to current

A

Resistance

97
Q

What does resistance depend on

A

Length, thickness and temperature of resistor as well as the material it is made of

98
Q

What is ohms law

A

V= IR

99
Q

CURRENT STAYS THE SAME IN SERIES CIRCUITS

A

dab

100
Q

What is resistance measured in

A

Ohms

101
Q

In a parallel circuit the branch with the highest resistance…

A

Will have the lowest split of current

102
Q

In a series circuit the branch with the highest resistance will have…

A

The highest share of voltage

103
Q

What is power

A

Power is the measure of energy transferred each second

104
Q

How is power usually calculated

A

P= E/T

105
Q

How is power calculated when current and p.d. are known

A

P= IV

106
Q

How is power calculated when current and resistance are known

A

P = Isquared R

107
Q

How is power calculated when p.d. and resistance are known

A

P= vsquared/ R

108
Q

What is a direct current

A

One which flows in only one direction

109
Q

What is an alternating current

A

One that alternates direction and therefore appears to move to and fro on an oscilloscope.

110
Q

What s the UK mains voltage and frequency

A

230 V and 50 Hz

111
Q

What is a potential divider circuit

A

Two components connected in series, usually resistors

112
Q

What is the equation to find a the voltage of a branch of a potential divider

A

V= (R2/R1+R2) x supply voltage

113
Q

What does the supply voltage do in a potential divider

A

Divide in proportion to the size of each resistor meaning v1/v2 is equal to r1/r2

114
Q

What is an LDR and what does LURD mean

A

A light dependant resistor and as the light level increases the resistance decreases

115
Q

What is a thermistor and what does TURD mean

A

A switch dependant on temperature. As the temperature increases the resistance decreases.

116
Q

What is a protection resistor

A

One which is in place to prevent fragile components from overheating

117
Q

What is a transistor and what are the two main types of transistor

A

A transistor is a circuit that is used as an electrical apswitch and the two main kinds are NPN and MOSFET.

118
Q

At what voltage does an NPN switch on

A

0.7 V

119
Q

At what voltage does a MOSFET switch on

A

2 V

120
Q

REVISE PREFIXES

A

NOW

121
Q

REVISE UNITS AND SYMBOLS

A

NOW

S3 exams (5 decks)

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