Physics Flashcards
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The isospin and strangeness, along with three free parameters, determine this quantity for hadrons in a formula developed by Okubo and Gell-Mann
Mass
When this quantity equals zero, the Dirac equation reduces to the Weyl [vile] equation
Mass
A Millennium Prize problem involves determining whether Yang-Mills theory has a “gap” in this quantity
Mass
The Komar form of this quantity can be defined for stationary spacetimes
Mass
The weak equivalence principle relates this quantity’s active, passive, and inertial forms
Mass
The Friedmann equations assume that this property produces curvature as the sole contributor to the stress-energy tensor
Mass
An imaginary value of this quantity is possessed by a Tachyonic field
Mass
A Kibble balance was used in 2019 to redefine this quantity’s SI unit exactly in terms of the Planck constant
Mass
The presence of binding energy causes atomic nuclei to have a namesake “defect” in this quantity compared to their constituent particles
Mass
The “seesaw mechanism” might explain a nonzero value of this quantity in certain fermions
Mass
The constant product of two eigenvalues is used to explain a property of these particles in the seesaw mechanism
Neutrinos
A form of double beta decay that does not emit these particles would imply that they are their own antiparticles
Neutrinos
Only one-third the expected solar flux of these particles was observed due to their flavor oscillations, which were predicted by Bruno Pontecorvo
Neutrions
Water tanks with Cherenkov [chuh-REN-koff] detectors are used to find these particles in Super-Kamiokande [KAH-mee-oh-KAHN-day]
Neutrinos
Observing photomultiplier tubes trained on some water near a nuclear reactor determined these particles’ existence in the Cowan-Reines experiment
Neutrinos
DUMAND, an early detector of these particles located off of the coast of Hawaii, was a precursor to a detector of this particle that consists of thousands of Digital Optical Modules located thousands of meters below Antarctic ice
Neutrinos
These particles are thought to be CPT-invariant, which would mean they are their own antiparticles and make them the only Majorana fermions in the Standard Model
Neutrinos
The IceCube experiment has sought to detect hypothetical examples of these particles that only interact with gravity, termed “sterile” ones
Neutrinos
This quantity is raised to the negative fourth power in the definition of Einstein’s gravitational constant
speed of light
The slope of a 45 degree line on a Minkowski diagram equals this quantity because Minkowski time is scaled by this quantity
speed of light
By comparing interference patterns, this quantity was found not to depend on the direction of measurement in the Michelson-Morley experiment
speed of light
In 1957, Robert Dicke proposed that this quantity has a small correction term inversely proportional to the distance to a star
speed of light
A toothed rotating cogwheel is used to measure this quantity in the Fizeau experiment
speed of light
This quantity and big G are set equal to one in geometrized units
speed of light
“One-way” measurements of this quantity are assumed to agree with “two-way” ones according to a common synchronization convention
speed of light
This quantity does not depend on a similar quantity of a Kennedy–Thorndike apparatus
speed of light
Wick rotating this quantity yields a Euclidean metric when it is assigned “minus” in the signature
time
An invariant hyperbola whose major axis is vertical has intervals “like” this quantity
time
Einstein developed a standard for devices that measure this quantity so that they always give the same one-way speed of light
time
Muons reach Earth without decaying because they experience a decrease in this quantity in the atmosphere
time
Frank Wilczek theorized systems named for this variable that break a symmetry related to this variable
time
Physical laws are invariant under charge conjugation, parity transformation, and reversal of this variable
time
Replacing a vector quantity in this law with the gradient of a scalar gives Poisson’s equation
Gauss’s Law
One formulation of this law gives rho-free in terms of the divergence of the D-field
Gauss’s Law
Using this law, one can derive the formula “sigma over epsilon-nought” for an infinite sheet of charge by constructing a “pillbox”
Gauss’s Law
This statement generalized for gravity states that the divergence of a gravitational field equals negative 4 pi times big G times density, a law which reduces to Poisson’s equation
Gauss’s Law
This law, which equates the surface integral of E dot dS with Q over the permittivity of free space, is the first of Maxwell’s equations
Gauss’s Law
A paradox associated with this law is exemplified by the rocking plates experiment, and explained microscopically using the radial component of the Lorentz force
Faraday’s Law
This law is derived by taking the circulation of Lorentz’s law
Faraday’s Law
Lenz’s law adds a negative sign to this law, which relates rate of change in magnetic flux to the EMF on a conductive loop
Faraday’s Law
This law can be derived by taking a closed line integral of the Lorentz force
Faraday’s Law
Substituting this law into the expression for work done by a particle in a betatron is used to derive the betatron condition
Faraday’s Law
Substituting this law into the expression for work done by a particle in a betatron is used to derive the betatron condition
Faraday’s Law
A duality of the U(1) (you-won) phase factor was used by Hiroyasu Kozumi to relate this law’s predictions to that of a microscopic result, which Richard Feynman had noted were uniquely “two quite separate phenomena”
Faraday’s Law
This law can be derived by taking a closed line integral of the Lorentz force
Faraday’s Law
A paradox involving this law is resolved using motion relative to a return path in a laboratory frame in which two brushes are fixed on the rim of a spinning disc
Faraday’s Law
Rather than friction, high-speed trains often use brakes exploiting a form of drag resulting from this law, which gives rise to eddy currents
Faraday’s Law
In the only decay mode used to identify the Higgs boson that doesn’t involve the W or Z bosons, the Higgs decays into two of these particles
photons
The propagation of one of these particles forms virtual particle-antiparticle pairs which contribute to vacuum polarization
photons
The formulae for cross sections of the scattering between these bosons and other particles often have a term containing the fine structure constant times h-bar over m-sub-e times c
photons
If the energy of one of these particles exceeds 1.022 MeV (“Mega electron volts”), it can cause pair production
photons
These particles are represented by wavy lines in Feynman diagrams
photons
The startup PsiQuantum is attempting to utilize these particles to create fault-tolerant qubits
photons
Researchers at USTC are attempting to implement boson (“boh-zawn”) sampling with these particles to prove quantum supremacy
photons
Wheeler’s delayed-choice experiment tests if one of these particles “chooses” how to act in the presence of an experimental apparatus
photons
A single one of these particles becomes a pair of them in spontaneous parametric down- conversion
photons
Future actions seemingly affect past events in an experiment traditionally performed with these particles, the delayed choice quantum eraser
photons
These particles can be emitted from a nucleus without causing an impact on its source in “recoil-free emission” due to the Mössbauer effect
photons
Spontaneous parametric down-conversion splits a “pump” one of these particles into two of these particles that are entangled with perpendicular polarization
photons
These particles are observed in interferometer experiments
photons
This quantity is related to the number of particles times mean polarizability by the Lorentz-Lorenz equation
index of refraction
This quantity can be negative in left-handed metamaterials, as proposed by Victor Veselago
index of refraction
This quantity equals the square root of one plus the electric susceptibility by the Ewald–Oseen extinction theorem
index of refraction
An empirical formula for this quantity is a power series in “one over lambda squared” which is generalised by the Sellmeier equation
index of refraction
The Persian mathematician Ibn Sahl was the first to describe a law concerning this quantity
index of refraction
Rasmus Bartholin [bar-TOLE-in] observed this quantity’s double form in calcite
index of refraction
Radiation pressure causes a runaway increase in this quantity for small astronomical bodies according to the YORP effect
angular momentum
In the Kepler problem, the centrifugal term of the effective potential is proportional to the square of this quantity, a fact which is derived by using this quantity to eliminate the rotational velocity in the expression for the total energy
angular momentum
Eigenfunctions (“EYE-gen-functions”) of an operator corresponding to the square of this quantity produce spherical harmonics
angular momentum
Momentum is crossed with this quantity in the expression for the LRL vector
angular momentum
The conservation of this quantity is implied by the areal (“air-ee-UL”) velocity being constant according to Kepler’s second law
angular momentum
This quantity divided by mass gives the Kerr parameter in the Kerr metric, which describes black holes for which this quantity is nonzero
angular momentum
A system with a rotationally symmetric Lagrangian conserves this quantity per Noether’s (“NUR-tuhʼs”) theorem
angular momentum
Negative values of this quantity for Earth’s atmosphere tend to correspond to La Niña events
angular momentum
This quantity is quantised so must be equal to a half integer multiple of the reduced Planck’s constant
angular momentum
David Bohm rediscovered and extended this physicist’s work on a hidden variable theory of quantum mechanics called pilot-wave theory
Louis de Broglie
Bose gases will only obey Bose-Einstein statistics when a quantity named for this physicist is less than or equal to the cube root of the volume of the gas over the number of gas particles
Louis de Broglie
This man proposed that a particle’s momentum is equal to Planck’s constant divided by a wavelength named for him
Louis de Broglie
A molecular gas is classical if this quantity is much less than the cube root of inverse particle density
de Broglie wavelength
Entropy minus five-halves is proportional to the negative logarithm of this quantity cubed times N over V in the Sackur–Tetrode equation
de Broglie wavelength
Goldstone bosons have a value of zero for these two quantities
spin, mass
This mechanism is related to a “Mexican hat” potential energy curve that resembles a sombrero
Higgs mechanism
For a massless field, this quantity times helicity gives the Pauli–Lubanski pseudovector
(linear) momentum
The Ward identity states that the dot product of a photon’s scattering amplitude and a four-vector representing this quantity is zero
(linear) momentum
The time derivative of this quantity’s expectation value equals the negative expectation value of a scalar potential’s time derivative per Ehrenfest’s (AIR-en-fests) theorem
(linear) momentum
Differing values of this quantity for light in a medium caused the Abraham–Minkowski controversy
(linear) momentum
It’s not the Lagrangian, but the “action” coordinate is computed as a line integral [emphasize] of this quantity
(linear) momentum
The derivative of the Lagrangian with respect to a generalized coordinate gives this quantity’s “conjugate” version
(linear) momentum
In the usual phase space for a one-dimensional system, this quantity is plotted against position
(linear) momentum
Ehrenfest’s theorem relates the time derivative of the expectation of this quantity with potential energy
(linear) momentum
This quantity’s operator is equal to negative i times h-bar times the gradient
(linear) momentum
The memory system of the Atanasoff–Berry computer placed these devices on rotating drums in order to regenerate them once per second
capacitor
These devices are used to block DᐧC signals in AᐧC coupling
capacitor
Configurations like basket winding are used to minimize the degree to which wires act as these devices “parasitically”
capacitor
Because half of the energy input to these devices is dissipated as heat, they are described with the equation “U equals one-half Q V”
capacitor
In the 2000s, many aluminum versions of these devices exploded in their namesake “plague”
capacitor
Highstrength versions of these devices, which make use of Helmholtz double layers, are called their “super” type
capacitor
The time constant equals (*) resistance times the characteristic quantity of these devices, which equals relative permittivity times area over distance for a type of them shown as two parallel lines in circuit diagrams
capacitor
These devices are connected in parallel to the load in simple low-pass filters, as their reactance is inversely proportional to frequency
capacitor
Drawing a Gaussian surface in a system with one of these elements is a simple way to justify the displacement current of Ampère’s law
capacitor
These elements decrease the reactance of a circuit because their voltage lags 90 degrees behind the current
capacitor
Tantalum and niobium pentoxide are frequently used to create high-efficiency types of these devices
capacitor
Putting one of these devices between two circuits can prevent the passage of (*) direct current, since these devices act as high-pass filters in series
capacitor
A form of these devices has a movable arm called a wiper connecting the input wire to a circular strip and shares a name with a type of voltage meter also called a potentiometer
resistor
On these devices’ labels, successive colors of the rainbow indicate increasing orders of magnitude for up to six colored bands
resistor
Radio-frequency types of these devices can be made with the Ayrton–Perry winding method
resistor
The MELF type of these devices are used over normal surface mount examples of them when higher performance is needed
resistor
Any two-terminal linear circuit can be simplified to an equivalent current source and one of these components according to Norton’s theorem
resistor
Three of these devices whose strengths are known, and one of them whose strength is not known, form a Wheatstone bridge
resistor
The thermal motion of electrons in these devices creates Johnson-Nyquist noise
resistor
The fluctuation-dissipation theorem predicts that these devices produce Johnson-Nyquist noise
resistor
A technique relating the derivative of total energy to the mean value of the partial derivative of the Hamiltonian and is named after this scientist and Hellmann
Richard Feynman
To expand the time-evolution operator, a sum of constructs named after this scientist can be used to represent a Dyson series
Richard Feynman
This physicist represented solutions to the Dirac equation in (1+1) spacetime dimensions using a checkerboard model, which he first published in a textbook written with Albert Hibbs
Richard Feynman
This scientist’s “trick” for single-variable integrals involves introducing a second variable and differentiating to simplify the integrand
Richard Feynman
This man’s doctoral advisor once postulated to him in a phone call that there only exists one electron in the universe
Richard Feynman
This physicist discussed the possibility of manipulating single atoms in his lecture “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”
Richard Feynman
In a talk that this scientist gave for an American Physical Society meeting, he proposed reversing the lenses of an electron microscope so that the entire Encyclopedia Britannica could be written on the head of a pin
Richard Feynman
To model high-energy collisions, this physicist proposed that hadrons consist of point-like entities known as partons
Richard Feynman
Loop integrals can be evaluated using this man’s namesake parameterization
Richard Feynman
In one book by this man, he recounts an episode where he discovers that “You just ask them?” and another story where he plays the frigideira in Brazil
Richard Feynman
This man later wrote of Six (*) Easy Pieces and Six Not-So-Easy Pieces
Richard Feynman
This physicist demonstrated that the Brownian Ratchet did not actually exhibit perpetual motion
Richard Feynman
Smoluchowski and this physicist explained why a machine that uses Brownian motion to do work is impossible
Richard Feynman
his physicist’s namesake element would have atomic number 137, which he claimed, based on the Bohr model, would be the last physically possible element
Richard Feynman
This man and Gell-Mann explained the CP-violation of the weak force using a vector minus axial Lagrangian
Richard Feynman
This scientist names a law giving the force between two current-carrying wires as an iterated line
integral
Andre-Marie Ampere
This scientist’s right-hand grip rule predicts the direction of a magnetic field using the direction of one’s thumb.
Andre-Marie Ampere
A law formulated by this scientist was corrected with a displacement current term by James Clerk Maxwell
Andre-Marie Ampere
By analyzing a discovery by Hans Oersted, (“er-sted”), this physicist derived their namesake force law to describe how parallel current-carrying wires attract or repel each other
Andre-Marie Ampere
For massless particles, an equation named for this physicist equals the Weyl (“vile”) equation
Paul Dirac
Solutions to an equation named for this physicist can be modeled by a random walk on Feynman’s checkerboard
Paul Dirac
An equation named for this physicist rigorously accounted for the hydrogen atom’s fine structure
Paul Dirac
In a potential named for this physicist, there is only one symmetric bound state wavefunction
Paul Dirac
He’s not Pauli, but this physicist’s gamma matrices act on spinors (“spinners”)
Paul Dirac
Anti-commutation rules must be applied to quantize this physicist’s namesake field, since the anticommutator of this physicist’s namesake gamma matrices equals two times the metric tensor
Paul Dirac
In the non-relativistic limit, this scientist’s namesake equation reduces to the Pauli equation
Paul Dirac
This physicist sometimes names the interaction picture of quantum mechanics
Paul Dirac
This physicist developed a generalization of the Poisson bracket used when analyzing systems with second class constraints
Paul Dirac
This physicist posited that the existence of a magnetic monopole would be a sufficient condition for the quantization of charge
Paul Dirac
Applying an equation named for this man to electrons bouncing off a potential on the order of the electron mass leads to the Klein paradox
Paul Dirac
The difference in the number of left and right-handed modes in this man’s operator equals the topological charge in QCD according to the Atiyah-Singer index theorem
Paul Dirac
One consequence of a statement named for this physicist is that higher potential barriers are more transparent to relativistic electrons
Paul Dirac
our-component spinors appear in a relativistic wave equation named for this physicist
Paul Dirac
The existence of this force’s exchange particle was indicated by a three jet q q-bar bremsstrahlung detected by TASSO at PETRA
strong force
Particles stop interacting via this force above the Hagedorn temperature
strong force
This force is described by a set of eight independent matrices named for Murray Gell-Mann
strong force
This force is governed by a gauge theory whose symmetry group is SU(3) (“S-U-3”)
strong force
Like electromagnetism, this fundamental force experiences asymptotic freedom
strong force
The carriers of this force are represented as helices on Feynman diagrams and have eight possible states
strong force
The exchange of pions as predicted by Hideki Yukawa explains the “residual” form of this phenomenon.
strong force
This phenomenon’s effect is quantified by a tensor that includes a nonlinear term equal to the wedge product of the field A with itself, a feature that helps explain the OZI (“O-Z-I”) rule
strong force
This interaction was once studied using Regge theory, leading to a calculation which gave rise to the first string theory
strong force
