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Science Summer Review (Before grade 10/grade 10 level) > Physics > Flashcards

Physics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is energy?

What are the Laws?

A

Energy is the ability to do work.

Laws of Energy:
1. Energy can cause CHANGES in a system
2. There are different FORMS of energy, with different PROPERTIES
3. These forms of energy can be TRANSFORMED

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2
Q

What is a system, and what are surroundings?

A

A SYSTEM can be defined as anything that is under observation. Everything around it is the SURROUNDINGS.

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3
Q

What is kinetic vs. potential energy?

A

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Anything moving has kinetic energy.

Potential energy is the stored energy an object has as a result of its condition and position.

It is possible for an object to have BOTH kinetic and potential energy at the same time.

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4
Q

What is the formula and unit for potential energy?

A

PE = m x g x h

Mass is in kilograms, Gravity is 9.8, Height is in meters

Unit: Joules

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5
Q

What is the formula and unit for kinetic energy?

A

KE = 1/2 x m x v^2

Mass is in kilograms, Velocity is in meters per second

Unit: Joules

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6
Q

What is the formula and unit for total energy or Etot?

A

Etot = PE + KE

Unit: Joules

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7
Q

What are some types of kinetic energy? List and give description
MTWS

A

Mechanical - The motion of objects larger than molecules

Thermal - How much particles are moving

Wind - The movement of turbines

Sound/Light - The waves move through space

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8
Q

What are some types of potential energy? List and give description
GEC

A

Gravitational - Gravity pulls objects towards centre of earth

Elastic - A stretched object wants to return to its original position

Chemical - Energy is stored in bonds

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9
Q

What is a law versus a theory?

A

Law - Proven in all situations

Theory - So far all evidence supports it, but we cannot prove its true

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10
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

(It CAN change forms)

  • When a system releases energy, the surroundings gain energy.
  • When a system absorbs energy, the surroundings lose energy.
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11
Q

What is an open system vs closed vs isolated?

A

Open system - Heat energy AND particles can stay or leave

Closed system - Heat can get in and out, but particles CANNOT

Isolated system - NO heat and NO particles can go out

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12
Q

What is transforming vs transferring?
End of lesson 1

A

When energy is TRANSFERRED, it stays in the same form.

When energy is TRANSFORMED, the form of energy changes

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13
Q

What is mass?

A

A measure of the amount of matter in an object. (in kg)

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14
Q

What is velocity?

A

The speed of an object in a specific direction (in m/s)

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15
Q

Acceleration due to gravity

A

A fixed constant on earth at -9.8m/s^2 (9.8 m/s) assuming there is no friction to slow down a falling object.

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16
Q

Δ height / Change in height

A

Final position minus initial position

17
Q

How to convert from kilojoules to joules?

A

1 Kilojoule = 1000 Joules, so;

Divide by 1000 to go from J to KJ

Multiply by 1000 to go from KJ to J

18
Q

How to convert from kilometers to meters?

A

1 Kilometer = 1000 Meters, so;

Divide by 1000 to go from M to Km

Multiply by 1000 to go from Km to M

19
Q

How do you calculate the neutrons for an atom?

What is atomic mass vs atomic number?

Why is the mass on the periodic table a non - integer (has decimals)?

A

Subtract atomic number by atomic mass to calculate the neutrons for an atom.

Total number of protons and neutrons is the atomic mass, atomic number is protons.

The number is the average

20
Q

How to calculate weighted average?
(End of lesson 2)

A

Weighted average = (Mass of isotope 1) x (Abundance as decimal of isotope 1) + …

21
Q

What is radioactivity?

How does it occur

A
  • Radioactivity is the release of high-energy particles or waves.
  • Radioactivity results from having an UNSTABLE nucleus.
  • When these nuclei lose energy and break apart, FISSION occurs.
  • Radioactive decay releases energy from the NUCLEUS as radiation.
22
Q

Where can we find radiation?

A
  • Radiation can exist naturally, and small amounts will not hurt us unless very frequent, but large amounts are bad
  • Not all elements are radioactive, sometimes only certain isotopes of an element are radioactive
23
Q

What happens in fission?

A
  • The nucleus of an atom splits into two smaller nuclei
  • This naturally happens to radioactive elements because the original element/nucleus was unstable, so it forms 2 more stable nuclei
24
Q

What are the types of radiation?

A

Alpha radiation - The release of 2 neutrons and 2 protons

Beta radiation - The release of a single electron

Gamma radiation - The release of pure energy

25
Q

In decay equations, what is the relationship between the reactants and products?

A

The atomic mass and atomic number are the same.

(An element is defined by its atomic number)

26
Q

What is the letter for the Alpha decay?
What is element that matches alpha?

A

The letter symbol for alpha is a.

Helium is the element that matches alpha, with an atomic mass of 4, and number of 2.

27
Q

What is the letter for the Beta decay?

What is subatomic particle that matches beta?

A

The letter symbol for beta is B.

Electron is the subatomic particle that matches beta, with an atomic mass of 0, and a number of -1

28
Q

What is the letter for the Gamma decay?

What is gamma?

A

The letter for gamma is Y.

Pure energy, with an atomic mass and number of 0.

29
Q

What is a parent nucleus, and what is the daughter nucleus?

A

Parent nucleus - The nucleus splitting into two seperate nuclei

Daughter nucleus - The product of the parent nucleus

30
Q

What are the terms for trendlines with data?

A
  • Downward curved data is inverse
  • Downward line is linear
31
Q

What is radioactive decay?

A
  • The rate at which radioactive substances decay is described as its HALF LIFE.
  • The half-life is the TIME taken for HALF the remaining nuclei to decay.
  • A decay curve shows the NUMBER of remaining radioactive nuclei over time.
32
Q

What is radioactive dating?

A
  • Plants and animals contain C-14, which is radioactive, and C - 12, which isn’t.
  • While plants and animals are alive, the ratio of C14:C12 in them remains constant. Once they die, the C14 DECAY to become C12.
  • To find the age of a carbon sample, we compare the % C14 in the dead sample to the % C14 in a similar living sample.
33
Q

What is the difference between nuclear and chemical reactions?

A
  • Nuclear reactions are different than chemical reactions.
  • Some chemical reactions produce energy, like combustion, however not as much energy as fission
  • Nuclear reactions also produce energy. In fact, they make a lot more energy because the actual nucleus of the atom changes.
34
Q

What IS fission?

A
  • Nuclear fission is the splitting of one large nucleus into two or more smaller nuclei and releasing energy.
  • Humans can start nuclear fission by smashing a neutron into an isotope of an element.
35
Q

Why would we want to use nuclear fission?

A
  • Nuclear Fission releases energy but does not release greenhouse gases.
  • This makes it much better for Earth than burning gasoline which creates global warming.
36
Q

What is Canada doing in terms of nuclear fission?

A
  • Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick currently generate nuclear power in Canada.
  • Canadian-made nuclear reactors are called Candu reactors.
  • CANDU reactors are considered safe and effective and are sold across the world.
37
Q

How do nuclear reactors create energy?

A
  • A nuclear reactor uses intense heat to generate electricity
  • Fuel elements are thin rods made of elements like uranium (fuel)
  • In the reactor core the fuel elements are placed in water which acts as a resistor, slowing down the neutrons.
  • Neutrons that have been slowed down can trigger new nuclear reactions in a fission reaction.
  • The control rods control amount of neutrons to prevent meltdown
  • Nuclear decay produces a lot of heat, causing the water to turn into steam
  • The steam turns the turbine which generates electricity
38
Q

What is the role of control rods?

A

The control rods control the number of neutrons available to stop the reaction going out of control by absorbing extra neutrons.

39
Q

What is nuclear FUSION?

A

Nuclear fusion is the JOINING of two light nuclei into one heavier nucleus.

Science Summer Review (Before grade 10/grade 10 level) (4 decks)

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