Physics Flashcards
What is deceleration
Acceleration in the direction opposite to velocity which results decrease
What is acceleration
Rate of change in velocity over time
What is centripetal acceleration
Acceleration directed toward a center in a circular motion or rotation
What is instantaneous acceleration
Acceleration at a specific point in time
What is accuracy
Degree a measured value agrees with correct value of measurement
What is an analytical method
A method for determining the magnitude and direction of a resultant vector using trigonometric theorems
What is approximation
Estimation of value based on prior experience and reasoning
What is air resistance
Frictional force on matter traveling through air
What is the value of air resistance when solving basic physics problems
Zero
What is a carrier particle
A fundamental particle of nature that is surrounded by a characteristic force field
What are photons
Carrier particles of the electromagnetic force
What is commutative
Interchangeability of order in a function
What are processes of commutative
(1) Addition (2) Subtraction (3) Product (4) Quotient
What is a vector component
The part of a vector which points in a direction
How are 2D vectors expressed
Sum of two vertical and horizontal vector components
What is a conversion factor
A ratio expressing how many units are equal to another unit
What is deformation
Change in shape due to the application of force
What is shear deformation
Deformation perpendicular to the original length of an object
What is a dependent variable
A variable that is being measured
Where are dependent variables plotted
Usually the y-axis
What is an independent variable
A variable that is being referenced
Where are independent variables plotted
Usually the x-axis
What are derived units
Units that can be calculated using algebraic combinations of the fundamental units
What is direction
Orientation of a vector in space
What is displacement
Change in position of matter
What is distance
Length of displacement between two positions
What is distance traveled
Total length of path between two positions
What is dynamics
Study of how forces affect the motion of matters and systems
What is force
Push or pull on matter with a specific vector
How are forces expressed
Standard force
What is normal force
Force that a surface applies to support the weight of a matter
How does matter act resting on surface
With normal force perpendicular to the surface
What is a force field
A region in which a test particle will experience a force
What is Coriolis force
Fictitious force causing the apparent deflection of moving matter when viewed in a rotating frame of reference
What is centripetal force
Force causing uniform circular motion or rotation
What is external force
Outside originating force acting on a structure
What causes a mass to accelerate
External force
What is a free-body diagram
A sketch showing all of the external forces acting on a structure
How is a structure represented in a free-body diagram
With a dot
How is a force represented in a free-body diagram
A vector extending outward from a dot
What is free-fall
State where the acting force on a is only gravity
What are examples of friction
(1) Rough surfaces (2) Air resistance
What is friction
Force which opposes relative motion between matters or systems in contact
What are types of friction
(1) Kinetic (2) Static
What is kinetic friction
Friction moving relative to one another
What is static friction
Friction moving irrelative to one another or stationary
What does the coefficient of static friction equal
(1) Magnitude of static friction and (2) Magnitude of normal force
What is microgravity
An environment in which the apparent net acceleration of a body is small compared with that produced by Earth at its surface
What is gravitational constant (G)
Proportionality constant factor used in the equation for Newton’s universal law of gravitation
What is the end point of a vector arrow called
(1) Head or (2) Tip
What is the start point of a vector arrow called
Tail
What is the head-to-tail method
Method of adding vectors in which the tail of each vector is placed at the head of the previous vector
What is Hooke’s law
Proportional relationship between the force on a material and the deformation it causes
What is inertia
Tendency of a structure to remain at rest or in motion
What is fictitious force
Force having no physical origin
What is the law of inertia
Newton’s first law of motion a body at rest remains at rest, or, if in motion, remains in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by a net external force
What is kinematics
Study of motion without regard to mass or force
What is arc length
Distance traveled along a circular path
What is a magnitude
A length or size of vector
What is the order of magnitude
The size of a quantity as it relates to the power of ten
What is mass
Quantity of matter in a substance
What is center of mass
Point where the entire mass of a structure can be concentrated
What is a kilogram
An SI unit for mass, abbreviated (kg)
What is a meter
An SI unit for length, abbreviated (m)
What is a second
An SI unit for time, abbreviated (s)
What is motion
Displacement of a structure as a function of time
What is Newton’s first law of motion
A body at rest remains at rest, or, if in motion, remains in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by a net external force
What is Newton’s first law known as
Law of inertia
What is Newton’s second law of motion
Net external force on a structure with mass is proportional to and in the same direction as the acceleration of the structure, and inversely proportional to the mass
What is Newton’s third law of motion
When a structure exerts force on another, the first structure experiences a force that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force exerted
What is Newton’s universal law of gravitation
Particle in the universe attract other particle with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
What is percent uncertainty
Ratio of the uncertainty of a measurement to the measured value, expressed as a percentage
What is physical quantity
Characteristic or property of an object that can be measured or calculated from other measurements
What is physics
Science concerned with describing the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time
What is different from classical physics to modern physics
19th century Renaissance versus theorems of relativity and/or quantum mechanics
What is precision
Degree to which repeated measurements agree with each other
What is position
Location of a structure at a particular time
What is projectile
Structure which travels through the air and experiences only acceleration due to gravity
What is quantum mechanics
Study of structures smaller than observation with a microscope
What is radians
Unit of angle measurement
What is rotation angle
Ratio of the arc length to the radius of curvature on a circular path
What is a banked curve
A curve in a road that is sloping in a manner that helps a vehicle negotiate the curve
What is an ideal angle
An angle at which a car can turn safely on a steep curve, which is in proportion to the ideal speed
What is an ideal banking
The sloping of a curve in a road, where the angle of the slope allows the vehicle to negotiate the curve at a certain speed without the aid of friction between the tires and the road
What is an ideal speed
The maximum safe speed at which a vehicle can turn on a curve without the aid of friction between the tire and the road
What is uniform circular motion
Motion of a structure in a circular path at constant speed
What is range
Maximum horizontal distance that a projectile travels
What is relativity
Study of structures moving at speeds greater than about 1% of the speed of light, and being affected by a strong gravitational field
What is classical relativity
Study of relative velocities in situations where speeds are less than about 1% of the speed of light (3000 km/s)
What is resultant
Sum of two or more vectors
What is scalar
Quantity of magnitude in a vector
What is SI units
International system of units mojarity of countries agreed to use
What is slope
Difference in y-value (the rise) divided by the difference in x-value (the run) of two points on a straight line
What is average speed
Distance traveled divided by time during motion occurred
What is instantaneous speed
Magnitude of the instantaneous velocity
What is strain
Ratio of change in length to original length
What is stress
Ratio of force to area
What is tensile strength
Maximum stress that will cause permanent deformation or fraction of a material
What is tension
Pull force that acts along a medium, or stretched flexibly in connection
What is an example of tension
A pulled rope or cable
What type of force do cables act on cable bridges
Tension force
What is thrust
Reaction force that pushes a body forward in response to a backward force
What are examples of thrust
Rockets, airplanes, and cars pushed by a reaction force
What is time
Change in interval or interval which change occurs
What is trajectory
Path of a projectile
What is uncertainty
Quantitative measure of how much your measured values deviate from a standard or expected value
What is ultracentrifuge
Centrifuge optimized for spinning a rotor at very high speeds
What is vector
Quantity which describe magnitude and direction
How is a vector represented
An arrow and scalar
What is vector addition
Rules that apply to adding vectors together
What is resultant vector
Vector sum of two or more vectors
What is velocity
Speed in a given direction
What is average velocity
Displacement divided by time over which displacement occurs
What is angular velocity
Rate of change of the angle with which a structure moves on a circular path
What is instantaneous velocity
Velocity at a specific instant, or the average velocity over an infinitesimal time interval
What is relative velocity
Velocity of a structure as observed from a particular reference frame
What is weight
Force due to gravity acting on a structure of mass
What is Stokes’ law
An expression describing the resisting force on a particle moving through a viscous fluid and showing when a maximum velocity is reached
What is the SI unit for velocity
m/s
What is the SI unit for acceleration
m/s^2
What is the 1st law of friction
friction of the moving object is proportional and perpendicular to the normal force
What is the 2nd law of friction
friction experienced by the object is dependent on the nature of the surface it is in contact with
What is the 3rd law of friction
friction is independent of the area of contact as long as there is an area of contact
What is the 4th law of friction
kinetic friction is independent of velocity
What is the 5th law of friction
coefficient of static friction is greater than the coefficient of kinetic friction
conservation of linear momentum states
the net external force acting on a system of bodies is zero, then the momentum of the system remains constant
conservation of energy states
energy can neither be created nor be destroyed
Hooke’s law states
the strain of the material is proportional to the applied stress within the elastic limit of that material
Kepler’s 2nd law
Each planet moves so that an imaginary line drawn from the Sun to the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times
Kepler’s 3rd law
The ratio of the squares of the periods of any two planets about the Sun is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their average
distances from the Sun
Kepler’s 1st law
The orbit of each planet about the Sun is an ellipse with the Sun at one focus
