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Physics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is most of an atom?

A

empty space

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2
Q

Where is all of an atoms mass concentrated?

A

In the nucleus

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3
Q

What did Rutherfords Experiment involve?

A

It involved firing positively charged alpha particles at a thin peice of gold foil

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4
Q

How many alpha particles bounced back in Rutherfords Experiment?

A

1 in 800

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5
Q

What did the Rutherford Scattering Experiment conclude?

A

That an atom is made up of a small, positively charged nucleus surrounding by electrons orbiting it.

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6
Q

Who made the plum pudding model?

A

J.J. Thomson’s

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7
Q

What is the plum pudding model?

A

negatively charged electrons surrounded by a sea of positive charge

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8
Q

What did Niels Bohr discover?

A

He adapted to the nuclear model by suggesting that electrons orbit the nucleus at specific distances, called energy levels.

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9
Q

What did James Chadwick discover?

A

the existence of neutrons within the nucleus

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10
Q

How do you find the atomic mass number?

A

protons + neutrons

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11
Q

How do you find the amount of protons and electrons ?

A

the atomic number = the protons and electrons

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12
Q

What is an Isotope?

A

An atom with the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons.

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13
Q

Why are Isotopes identical in their chemical reaction?

A

because they have the same number of protons and electrons

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14
Q

What is Radioactivity?

A

Some Isotopes are radioactive meaning they are unstable as they have too many neutrons.

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15
Q

What is Ionisation?

A

When radiation knocks electrons off of atoms

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16
Q

Why is Ionisation dangerous?

A

It is dangerous as it can harm DNA.

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17
Q

What is Radioactive Decay?

A

Is when a nucleus of an atom emits alpha, beta or gamma radiation

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of Radioactive Decay?

A

Alpha Decay, Gamma Decay, Beta Decay

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19
Q

What is a alpha particle?

A

2 protons and 2 neutrons. the same as a helium nucleus

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20
Q

What is a beta particle?

A

Is a high energy electron emmited from the nucleus when a neutron turns into a proton.

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20
Q

What is gamma radiation?

A

Is a high energy electromagnetic radiation wave, not a type of particle

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21
Q

What is an Alpha Particles charge and mass?

A

Charge = +2 Mass = 4

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22
Q

What is a Beta Particles charge and mass?

A

Charge = -1 Mass = 0

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23
Q

What is the charge and mass of Gamma Radiation?

A

Has no mass or charge

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24
Q

What is an alpha particle stopped by?

A

paper

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25
Q

What is a beta particle stopped by?

A

5mm of aluminum

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26
Q

What stops gamma radiation?

A

5cm of lead

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27
Q

How penetrating and ionising is an alpha particle?

A

How Penetrating = Low
How Ionising = High

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28
Q

How penetrating and ionising is a beta particle?

A

How Penetrating = Medium How Ionising = Medium

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29
Q

How penetrating and ionising is gamma radiation?

A

How Penetrating = High
How Ionising = Low

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30
Q

What is an Alpha Decays Equation?

A

The helium stays the same and the:
Mass Number decreases by 4
Atomic Number decreases by 2

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31
Q

What is a Beta Decays Equation?

A

The “e”(electron) stays the same:
Mass Number is unchanged
Atomic Number increases by 1

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32
Q

Why is the atomic mass and number unchanged in Gamma Equation?

A

There is no change to make up of the nucleus and so a new element is NOT formed

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33
Q

What is Neutron Emission?

A

It is another way of stabilising the nuclei but by emitting a neutron

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34
Q

What is Neutron Emission equation?

A

The “n” (neutron) stays the same:
The atomic mass decreases by 1
The atomic number is unchanged

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35
Q

What is Activity? (count rate)

A

Number of decays per second

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36
Q

What is a geiger counter?

A

The device used to measure activity

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37
Q

What is a Half-Life?

A

Average time taken for activity or number of radioactive nuclei to halve

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38
Q

A 1000g radioactive sample has a half life of 2 years. How much will still be radioactive after…
1. 2 years?
2. 4 years?
3. 10 years?

A
  1. 500g
  2. 250g
  3. 31.25g
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39
Q

What is Net Decline?

A

Is the ratio of atoms which are still radioactive which can be written in fractions.

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40
Q

What is Background Radiation?

A

Background radiation is the low-level radiation we are exposed to every day (e.g ground,air,food,drink)

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41
Q

3 ways to reduce exposure to Radiation?

A
  1. wearing protective clothing
  2. keeping distance from sources (tongs)
  3. storing sources in lead lined containers
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42
Q

What is Radiation Dose?

A

measures possible harm radiation could do to the body​ in sieverts(sv)

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43
Q

Why is Radiation so dangerous?

A

because it can cause ionisation which can harm DNA

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44
Q

What is Irradiation?

A

is when a radioactive material outside the body fires alpha, beta or gamma particles at a living thing​

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45
Q

How dangerous is an alpha particle in Irradiation and Contamination?

A

In Irradiation it is not dangerous as it is blocked by the skin.
In Contamination it is very dangerous as it is highly ionising

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46
Q

How dangerous is a beta particle in Irradiation and Contamination?

A

In Irradiation it is dangerous as it can penetrate skin and damage cells.
In Contamination it is dangerous as it is Ionising but not as much as an Alpha Particle.

47
Q

How dangerous is Gamma Radiation in Irradiation and Contamination?

A

In Irradiation it is not to dangerous in small quantities
In Contamination it is less dangerous as it is less ionising

48
Q

What are the two types of circuit?​

A

Series and Parallel circuits

49
Q

What is the unit for current?​

A

Amps (I)

50
Q

What is the unit for potential difference?​

A

voltage (volts)

51
Q

Do the questions on Slide 3 - Lesson 2 Current in Series and Parallel (Physics)

A
52
Q

What is an Electric Current?

A

Electric current is a flow of negatively charged particles to positively charged particles (i.e. electrons).​

53
Q

Why when a battery is connected in a circuit, electrons flow from negative to positive?

A

because they are repelled by the negative end of the battery and attracted by the positive end. ​

54
Q

What does a Current tell us?

A

Current tells us how many electrons pass a point per second​ and we count the amount of “charge” in Coulombs (C)​

55
Q

What is a Current?

A

A current is a flow of charge (electrons)

56
Q

what is the equation for current?

A

I = Q T I (current) Q (charge) T (time)
I and T on the bottom and Q on the top

57
Q

What is the unit for charge?

A

Coulombs (C/Q)

58
Q

A current of 20A flows transferring a charge of 210C. How long does this take?​

A

10.5 seconds

59
Q

The current of 5A flows through a wire for 30s, how much charge is transferred?​

A

150 coulombs

60
Q

One coulomb is equal to how many electrons?

A

1 C = 6.24 x 10(18 indice) electrons

61
Q

What is a series circuit?

A

In a series circuit, components are connected in one continuous loop so if one bulbs breaks, the other will go out​.

​

62
Q

What is a parallel circuit?

A

In a parallel circuit, components are connected on separate loops so if one bulb breaks, the other will stay on​.

63
Q

What is the current in a series circuit?

A

The current in a series circuit is the same at any point​

64
Q

What is the current in a parallel circuit?

A

In a parallel circuit, the current splits up down each branch​

65
Q

What is Potential Difference measured with?

A

a voltmeter

66
Q

What is Potential Difference?

A

Potential difference (a.k.a. voltage) is the difference in electrical potential energy charges between two points in a circuit. ​

67
Q

In a circuit what makes the electrical potential difference increase?

A

When electrons pass through a battery

68
Q

In a circuit what makes the electrical potential difference decrease?

A

When the electrons pass through other components

69
Q

what is the equation for potential difference?

A

V = E Q V (Potential Difference) Q (Charge) E (Energy)
V and Q are on the bottom and E is on top

70
Q

In a series circuit how is the potential difference done?

A

the potential difference splits up

71
Q

What is a current measured in?

A

Amperes

72
Q

What is the structure of metals?

A

It is made up of ions in a fixed position and delocalised electrons

73
Q

What is Resistance?

A

Resistance is how difficult it is for current to flow through a component.​

​

74
Q

What is the unit for Resistance?

A

Ohms

75
Q

As electrons move along a wire what happens?

A

they collide with the metal ions causing the ions to vibrate which makes the metal hotter.

76
Q

Why does the length of the wire affect resistance?

A

As the length of the wire increases the electrons have to travel further so the chance of collision will increase causing the resistance to increase

77
Q

What is resistance caused by?

A

electrons colliding with metal ions

78
Q

Which wire would have more resistance a long thin wire or a short thick wire?

A

A thin wire as there not a lot of space for the electrons to go

79
Q

What is the equation for Ohm’s Law?

A

V = I R I (current) R (resistance) V(Potential Difference)
I and R on the bottom and V on the top

80
Q

What is Voltage?

A

How much energy the electrons give or receive​

81
Q

What happens to a series circuit when you add a resistor?

A

the total resistance increases because all of the electrons have to pass through each of the resistors in turn​.

82
Q

What happens to a parallel circuit when you add a resistor?

A

The total resistance decrease because the electrons have more pathways to go take.

83
Q

What is Equivalent Resistance?

A

is the idea of replacing all of the resistors in a circuit with one resistor of the same value.

84
Q

Do the questions on slide 15 - Lesson 5 Resistance (Physics)

A
85
Q

Do ws2 - mixed electricity equations

A
86
Q

True or False can energy be destroyed?

A

False

87
Q

what is the unit for energy?

A

joules

88
Q

What is Kinetic Energy stored in?

A

stored in an object when it is moving​

89
Q

What is Chemical Energy stored in?

A

stored in fuels e.g. coal, food, batteries.​

90
Q

What is Gravitational Potential Energy stored in?

A

stored in objects that have a height.​

91
Q

What is Elastic Potential Energy stored in?

A

stored in a springy object when you stretch it.​

92
Q

What is Thermal Energy stored in?

A

stored in an object that has a temperature​.

93
Q

What is Light Energy stored in?

A

given out when an object emits light​

94
Q

What is Electrical Energy stored in?

A

stored in energy electrons have when they move​

95
Q

What is Nuclear Energy stored in?

A

stored in the nuclei of atoms​

96
Q

What is Sound Energy stored in?

A

given out when an object vibrates and makes a sound​

97
Q

What is Magnetic Energy stored in?

A

energy in magnets in electromagnets​

98
Q

Use this sentence to remember the 10 energy stores
“Most Kids Hate Learning G C S E Energy Names​”
(The capital letters are the energy stores)

A

Magnetic,Kinetic,Heat,Light,Gravitational,Chemical,Sound,Electrical,Elastic,Nuclear.

99
Q

What is the Conservation of Energy?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be transferred from one store to another. ​

100
Q

What happens in a closed system in conservation of energy?

A

Energy cannot enter or leave a closed system of objects, so the amount of energy remains constant​. In reality – closed systems don’t exist​.
​

101
Q

Do the questions on Slide 18 and the answers are on Slide 19.
The powerpoint is called Energy Lesson 1 (Physics)

A
102
Q

Do the questions on Slide 20 and the answers are on Slide 21.
The powerpoint is called Energy Lesson 1 (Physics)

A
103
Q

Do the questions on Slide 22 and 23 and the answers are on Slide 24.
The powerpoint is called Energy Lesson 1 (Physics)

A
104
Q

What is Work Done?

A

Work done is the amount of energy needed to move an object a distance against an opposing force.​

​

105
Q

What is the unit used for Work Done?

A

Joules (J)

106
Q

What is the unit used for Force?

A

Newtons (N)

107
Q

What is the equation used for Work Done?

A

W = F x D W (Work Done) F (Force) D(Distance)
F and D are on the bottom and W is on top

108
Q

Do the questions on Slide 9 and the answers are on Slide 10
The powerpoint is called Lesson 2 Work (Physics)

A
109
Q

Write a similar sentence for :
When a table is dragged across the ground, work is done against the force of friction. Energy is converted from kinetic to thermal.​

A
110
Q

In gravitational potential energy what does the gravity equal to?

A

9.8

111
Q

What is the equation used to find gravitational potential energy?

A

GPE = m x g x h
Mass, Gravity and Height are on the bottom and Gravitational Potential Energy is on the top.

112
Q

Do the questions on Slide 9 and the answers are on Slide 10
The powerpoint is called Lesson 3 GPE and KE (Physics)

A
113
Q

Complete ws2 - Kinetic Energy Caculations(The answers are on the other side of Flashcard)

A

240000J​

9.9J​

19.84J​

61364J​

2.304J​

40kg​

80kg​

4m/s​

1.54m/s​

114
Q

What is the equation used for Kinetic Energy?

A

Kinetic Energy = 0.5 x mass x velocity squared

Combined Science (4 decks)

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