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Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 2 types of cells on earth?

A

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

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2
Q

What are the 3 things Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells both contain?

A
  1. Cell Membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Genetic Material (DNA)
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3
Q

Tell me 3 differences between Eukaryotic Cells and Prokayotic Cells?

A
  1. Eukaryotic Cells are much larger wheras Prokaryotic Cells are much smaller.
  2. Eukaryotic Cells contain internal membranes (like the nucleus) wheras Prokaryotic Cells contain no internal membranes.
  3. In the Eukaryotic Cells the DNA is enclosed in a nucleus wheras in Prokaryotic Cells the DNA floats loosely in the cytoplasm in rings called plasmids.​
  4. Eukaryotes are multiple linear chromosomes wheras Prokaryotes are single circular chromosomes.
  5. Eukaryotes are single-celled or multicellular wheras Prokaryotes are just single-cellular.
  6. Eukaryotes contains a nucleus wheras Prokaryotes lack a nucleus.
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4
Q

What is the function of the nucleus in cells?

A

Carries the DNA/genetic material of the cell​

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5
Q

What is the function of a Permanent Vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap & water for the plant​

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6
Q

What is the function of a Cytoplasm?

A

Jelly-like substance where chemical reactions in the cell take place​

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7
Q

What is the function of a Cell Membrane?

A

Controls what enters/leaves the cell​

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8
Q

What is the function of a Cell Wall?

A

Provides support and structure to the plant cell​

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9
Q

What is the function of a Mitochondria?

A

Release energy to the cell through respiration​.

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10
Q

What is the function of a Chloroplast?

A

Absorbs sunlight and performs photosynthesis​

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11
Q

What is the function of a Ribosome?

A

Where proteins are made (synthesised)​

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12
Q

Which 3 sub-cellular structures are present in a plant cell but not a animal cell?​

A

Cell Wall, Chloroplast ,Permanent Vacuole

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13
Q

What 7 organelles are in a simple bacterium cell (Prokaryotic Cell)?

A
  1. Genetic Material
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Cell Membrane
  4. Slime Capsule
  5. Cell Wall
  6. Plasmids
  7. Flagella
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14
Q

What is the function of a Plasmid?

A

are little loops of DNA that bacteria can pass between each other – sharing useful genes.​

​

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15
Q

What is the function of a Flagella?

A

are tail-like structures which help bacteria move.​

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16
Q

What is the function of a Slime Capsule?

A

provides extra protection for some bacteria and stop them from drying out.

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17
Q

Where is the DNA found in bacterial cells?

A

found floating loosely in the cytoplasm

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18
Q

What is the size of most animal and plant cells?

A

0.01 - 0.10 mm

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19
Q

What is the smallest thing able to see with the naked eye?

A

0.05 mm

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20
Q

How many micrometres are in a metre?

A

1 million

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21
Q

What is the Order Of Magnitude?

A

is the difference in size calculated in factors of 10.​

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22
Q

How do you go from millimeters to micrometers?

A

x1000

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23
Q

How do you go from micrometers to nanometers?

A

x1000

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24
Q

What is a Eukaryotic Cell?

A

Is a cell that contains their genetic material (DNA) enclosed in a nucleus.

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25
Q

What is a Prokaryotic Cell?

A

Is a cell that contains their genetic material (DNA) not enclosed in a nucleus.

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26
Q

What is magnification?

A

is how many times bigger a microscope can make something look.​

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27
Q

What is resolution?​

A

How much detail can be seen before the image looks blurry.

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28
Q

What is the equation for Magnification?

A

M = I A M(Magnification) I(Image Size) A(Actual Size)
A and M are on the bottom and I is on the top
MAKE SURE YOUR UNITS ARE THE SAME (i.e. mm, or µm)​

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29
Q

Why do we use stains when observing cells through a light microscope?​

A

To allow us to see sub cellular structures more clearly​

30
Q

What is a Euykaryotic Organism?

A

organisms with membrane bound organelles

31
Q

Why do cells need to differentiate?

A

in order to become the different cell types.​

32
Q

When do animal cells differentiate?

A

takes place at an early stage of development.​

​

33
Q

When do plant cells differentiate?

A

throughout their entire life cycle. ​

34
Q

What is a Stem Cell?

A

is an undifferentiated cell of an organism which has the potential to become any cell type.​

35
Q

Where do you find stem cells in human?

A

developing embryos and adult bone marrow tissue

36
Q

What can an embryo differentiate into from a human stem cell?

A

can differentiate into most types of human cell​​

​

37
Q

What can adult bone marrow differentiate into from a human stem cell?

A

can differentiate into many cell types, including blood cells​​

38
Q

What is DNA?

A

the chemical in the nuclei of our cells that codes for our characteristics- literally the recipe for life.​

39
Q

What is a Gene?

A

A length of DNA that codes for a protein

40
Q

What is a Chromosome?

A

A structure found inside the nucleus of cells and chromosomes are made up of DNA molecules.

41
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are there?

A

there are 23 pairs (a total of 46)

42
Q

Why do cells make copies of themselves?

A

In order to grow, and replace damaged/dying cells

43
Q

How do cells divide?

A

they copy all the DNA & organelles from inside the cell to ensure they work properly

44
Q

What are the 3 stages in a Cell Cycle?

A

Stage 1 – “Interphase” where cell growth & DNA replication (or copying) takes place

​

Stage 2 – “Mitosis” the newly copied chromosomes – divide​

​

Stage 3 – “Cytokinesis” – the new cell splits in half, leaving two identical copies of the original cell​

​

45
Q

How many stages is Interphase(Is Stage 1 of the Cell Cycle) split up into and what are they?

A
  1. G1 = Biosynthesis – making new proteins, organelles replicating​
  2. G2 = Growth of the cell​
  3. S (DNA Synthesis) = DNA Replication and Chromosomes are copied.
46
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

is the process by which a single cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells

47
Q

How does the nucleus divide in Mitosis in 4 steps?

A
  1. The nucleus breaks down
  2. SPINDLE FIBRES ATTACH TO CHROMOSOMES
  3. Chromosomes move apart to opposite ends
  4. nucleus reforms
48
Q

What is Cytokinesis?

A

When the cytoplasm and cell membrane also divides to form two identical daughter cells.​

49
Q

What is another type of cell division?

A

Meiosis

50
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

is a form of cell division which produces four non-identical cells called gametes

51
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water from where there is a high concentration of water molecules ( a dilute solution) to where there is a low concentration of water molecules ( a concentrated solution ) through a partially permeable membrane.

52
Q

In which state are particles able to spread out/ diffuse? ​

A

Liquids and Gases

53
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the net movement of gas or dissolved molecules from higher to lower concentration. ​
Molecules diffuse down a concentration gradient.​

54
Q

Why is diffusion so important in animal and plant cells?​

A

it allows them to gain the useful substances they require to obtain energy and grow, and lets them get rid of waste products. it doesnt use any energy.

55
Q

Why is diffusion so important in human cells?

A

occurs in the organ systems that control your breathing, circulation, digestion and other life processes.​

56
Q

What is an Equilibrum?

A

A balanced point where there is no overall change.

57
Q

What 3 things determines the rate of diffusion?​

A
  1. Temperature - the higher the temperature the faster the diffusion rate
  2. The Surface Area - The greater the surface area the faster rate of diffusion.
  3. The Steepness of the Concentration Gradient - The bigger the difference between the two sides of the membrane the quicker the rate of diffusion
58
Q

What is the difference between Diffusion and Osmosis?

A

In diffusion it is the SOLUTE particles/molecules moving down their concentration gradient (from high to low concentration). ​
In osmosis we are looking at the water molecules (i.e. the SOLVENT) move. ​

59
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?​

A

A membrane that has small holes in it & only lets small water molecules move through it. It does not let large solute molecules through.

60
Q

What is the partially permeable membrane in the cell?​

A

The cell membrane

61
Q

What is a Hypertonic Solution?

A

Has a high concentration of solute ​(therefore a lower concentration of water)​

​

62
Q

What is a Hypotonic Solution?

A

Has a low concentration of solute (therefore a higher concentration of water)​

​

63
Q

What is a Isotonic Solution?

A

Have an equal concentration of solute to the cell​

64
Q

What does the surface area relate to?

A

It relates to how much material can enter a cell at a time.​
The larger the area is the more material can enter in an amount of time​

65
Q

What does the volume ratio relate to?

A

The volume relates to how much material is needed at a time.​
The bigger the volume is, the more material is​ needed to maintain it for an amount of time.​

​

66
Q

How do you find out the surface area to volume ratio?

A

surface area divide by volume

67
Q

Why as the Organism gets larger the surface area to volume ratio decreases?

A

Because a larger cell has less surface area to serve each unit of volume inside.​

​

68
Q

what is the effect of surface-area-to-volume ratio on the rate of diffusion?

A

The larger the surface area to volume ratio, the quicker the rate of diffusion takes place as the substance has more area to diffuse across

69
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

occurs across partially-permeable membranes and moves particles from a low concentration to a higher concentration. This is against the concentration gradient.​

70
Q

What is Carrier Protein?

A

They use the cells energy to to pump molecules against the concentration gradient. Carrier Protein is found in Cell Membrane

71
Q

Why is Active Transport or Carrier Proteins needed?

A

to get these molecules into the cells and these use energy.​

72
Q

Why do cells that do Active Transport contain large numbers of mitochondria?

A

Because Active Transport uses energy hence why the contain large numbers of mitochondria.

Combined Science (4 decks)

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