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MCAT - Kaplan > Physics > Flashcards

Physics Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

A smaller standard deviation means that data is __ to the mean.

A

closer

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2
Q

A higher standard deviation means that the data is __ from the mean.

A

more dispersed

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3
Q

Outliers can be measured by either 1.5 x IQR or being __ number of standard deviations below or above the mean.

A

3

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4
Q

Current, a measure of positive charge, is measured in amperes which can be described as __

A

C/s

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5
Q

Voltage, a measure of potential difference between 2 points, is measured in volts which can be described as __

A

J/c

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6
Q

Emf, a measure of potential difference of a voltage source, is measured in volts which can be described as __

A

J/c

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7
Q

Conductivity, a reciprocal measure of resistance permissiveness to current is measured in Siemens which can be described as __

A

S

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8
Q

Kirchoff’s Rules for conservation suggest that

A

Current (I) into = Current (I) leaving and Voltage Source= Voltage Drop

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9
Q

I=Q/ deltaT looks like a melted ice cream cone and is used to measure__

A

Conductivity ; where I = current , Q= amount of charge and delta T is time

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10
Q

Resistance, defined as opposition to flow or movement of charge, can be calculated using the following equation__

A

R= resistivity * length / cross-sectional area

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11
Q

Resistivity is an intrinsic proprerty and measured in the following units

A

ohms * m

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12
Q

If length increases by 2x then resistance would _

A

also double

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13
Q

If surface area increases then resistance will __

A

decrease

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14
Q

If temperature increases then resistance will _

A

increase

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15
Q

Ohm’s law relates Voltage, Current and Power. What is the equation associated with Ohm’s law?

A

V= IR

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16
Q

Resistors in a series can be (pick one: added or 1/resistor) and Rs (pick one: increases or decreases) with more resistors

A

added (R1+ R2 +…Rn) ; increases

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17
Q

Resistors in parallel can be calculated using 1/R1 + 1/R2 … + 1 /Rn. With more resistors what can we expect to happen?

A

Rp decreases

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18
Q

Capacitors, like defibrillators, hold charge at a certain voltage that can be released. How do we calculate capacitance (hint: also looks like drippy ice cream cone)?

A

C= Q/ V where capacitance is measured in farads but mostly microfarads = 1 x 10^-6 farads

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19
Q

In order to calculate the electric field of a parallel plate capacitor we can use the following equation:

A

E= V/d

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20
Q

Capacitors are said to be caked with charge which coincidentally is why we can set up an equation in the following way:

A

C= AKE0 / d where k can never be <1 and capacitance increases as voltage decreases

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21
Q

For capacitors in a series, unlike resistors, Cs will __ with more capacitors. We __ capacitor in a series to calculate Cs.

A

decreases ; 1/C1 + 1/C2 .. + 1/Cn

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22
Q

For capacitors in parallel, unlike resistors, Cp will __ with more capacitors. We __ capacitor in a parallel to calculate Cp.

A

increases; C1 + C2 … + Cn

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23
Q

An ammeter measures __ and is placed __ . It has an ideal resistance of 0.

A

current ; in series

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24
Q

A voltmeter measures __ and is placed __ . It has an ideal resistance of infinity.

A

Potential difference/voltage ; parallel with circuit

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25
Q

An ohmmeter measures __ and is placed __ . It has an ideal resistance of 0.

A

resistance ; 2 points in a series with a circuit element

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26
Q

Types of electromagnetic radiation from longest to shortest

A 
Radio 
Microwave 
Infrared 
Visible (700-400 nm)
UV 
Xray 
Gamma Ray
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27
Q

Properties of electromagnetic waves

A

1) transverse due to electrical and magnetic vectors being perpendicular to the direction of propagation
2) vary in frequency and wavelength
3) in a vacuum travels at speed of light C = 3 x 10^ 8 ms (C= frequency x wavelength)

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28
Q

ROYGBV Red can be expected to be at __ nm whereas violet would be at __

A

700 ; 400

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29
Q

A red colored object absorbs all other colors of light except for __ which it instead reflects.

A

red (itself)

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30
Q

Blackbody

A

all wavelengths of light, appears completely black if lower temperature than surroundings

31
Q

White

A

light with all colors and equal intensity

32
Q

If light speed decreases you get more __

A

n is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum / speed of light in whatever substance you have light going into.
So n = 1, means it’s a vacuum. n can never be < 0, because that would light is traveling faster than c.
Refraction = bending and the shortest distance between two points is a straight line. So if light speed decreases, you get more bending and vice versa.

33
Q

Snell’s Law (Index of Refraction)

A

index of refraction = speed of light vacuum /speed of light in medium

34
Q

Snell’s Law: as light enters a medium with a high index of refraction it bends __

A

normal

35
Q

Snell’s Law: as light enters a medium with a low index of refraction it bends __

A

away

36
Q

Relation of index of refraction to the angle of incidence / refraction (n1 sin theta1) = (n2 sin theta2)

A

the index of refraction is inversely related to the angle of incidence/refraction. The bigger the index of refraction, the small the angle of incidence/refraction is

37
Q

Plane Polarized

A

light rays have electric fields of parallel orientation

38
Q

Circularly Polarized

A

all light rays have electric field of equal intensity but constantly rotating direction
exposing unpolarized light to special pigments or filters

39
Q

Single Slit

A

wide arc

40
Q

Double Slit (Young)

A

contains fringes

41
Q

Split Lens

A

multiple slits –> displacement
waves –> interference
constructive -_> brighter , maxima
destructive –> dark, minima

42
Q

Diffraction Fringes (i.e. double slit consequence)

A

caused by constructive and destructive interference between light rays

43
Q

Plane Mirrors

A

real : light converges at position of the image

virtual : light only appears to be coming from the position of the image but does not converge there

44
Q

Spherical Mirrors

A

1) concave: like looking into a cave / converging
2) convex: diverging
f= focal length = r / 2

45
Q

Spherical Mirrors: m= -i/o

A

i> o real image

i< o virtual image

46
Q

Lenses (Power)

A

power = 1/ focal length
+ indicates converging (farsightedness)
- indicates diverging (nearsightedness)

47
Q

Multi Lens System

A

1/ f = 1/f1 + 1/f2 + …

48
Q

Power (lenses)

A

P= P1 + P1 + P3…

49
Q

Lens Magnification

A

m= m1 x m2 x m3…

50
Q

Spherical Aberration

A

blurred periphery

51
Q

Chromatic Aberration

A

see rainbow when wearing glasses

52
Q

Convex mirror

A

Light rays diverge
Image is upright and virtual
Image appears smaller
f<0, o>0, i<0

53
Q

Concave Mirror

A

Light rays converge
Image is inverted and real
Image appears larger
f>0, o>0, i>0

54
Q

Convex Lens

A

Light rays converge
Image is inverted and real
f>0, o>0, i>0

55
Q

Concave Lens

A

Light rays diverge
Image is upright and virtual
f<0, o>0, i<0

56
Q

Total internal reflection

A

occurs when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle for a given transition between materials. For a light ray traveling from air into water, for example, the critical angle is 48.5° If a ray of light angle of incidence is 50° (measured from the perpendicular), it will be completely reflected. We can use Snell’s law to find the critical angle.

57
Q

Fg= density x Vg

A

weight of any volume of known density subst. density x volume & acceleration

58
Q

SG= density / 1 g/cm3

A

specific gravity is just density

59
Q

Pascal’s Law:

Pressure = Force / Acceleration with the SI unit of Pa. 1 x 10^5 Pa = __ mmHg and __ atm.

A

760 and 1

larger area and larger force

60
Q

Absolute Pressure

A

ambient pressure + (density * acceleration due to gravity * depth)

61
Q

Hydraulic Systems

A

near incompressibility generates mechanical advantage by allowing us to magnify input by factor EQUAL TO RATIO OF THE CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF THE LARGER PISTON TO SMALLER PISTON

62
Q

Archimedes Principle of Buoyancy

A

object wholly or partially immersed in fluid will be buoyed up by a force that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced

63
Q

Archimedes Principle of Buoyancy (equation)

A

Fbuoy= densityfluid * Volumefluiddisplaced g

or volume of fluid submerged

64
Q

Cohesion

A

between molecules with same properties ; surface tension

65
Q

Adhesion

A

attractive force a liquid feels towards molecules of other substances

66
Q

Viscosity

A

resistance to fluid flow
higher viscosity the higher the viscous drag
assumed negligible for Bernoulli’s
SI unit = Pa * s = N *s / m^2

67
Q

Laminar Flow

A

smooth, orderly and layer closest to the walls of pipe flow slower than interior

68
Q

Poiseuille’s Equation indicates that radius and pressure gradient are inverse exponential to the 4th power (equation)

A

Q = pi *r^4 *change in P / 8 * viscosity * L

69
Q

Turbulent Flow

A

rough and forms eddies (swirls of fluid)
when speed of fluid exceeds critical speed
flow speed at wall = 0 ; increases then irregular and turbulent
cannot apply Bernoulli

70
Q

Streamlines

A

flow rate constant for closed system and independent of changes to cross sectional area
constant flow rate still linear speed changes -> linear speed increases as the cross sectional area decreases

71
Q

Bernoulli

A

less movement = greater static pressure

more movement = lesser static pressure

72
Q

Bernoulli Equation

A

Pressure Energy + KE per unit volume + PE per unit volume = “” after

73
Q

Venturi

A

as cross sectional area gets smaller the linear speed increases and the dynamic pressure increases which leads ultimately to lower absolute pressure which makes column 2 lower

74
Q

Cannot use continuity equation for human circulation

A

because of pulse, vessels and elastic pressure gradient

but Poiseuille’s can be used for isolated segments

MCAT - Kaplan (6 decks)

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