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IGCSE > Physics > Flashcards

Physics Flashcards

1
Q

Deep to Shallow Water

A

Wave bends toward the normal because Shallow is denser and water slows down as a result.

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2
Q

Light goes from rarer to denser medium

A

Light towards the normal

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3
Q

Refractive Index

A

Speed of light in vacuum ÷ Speed of light in material

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4
Q

Total Internal Reflection

A

When angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle.
Light is moving from denser to less denser material.
All of the light is reflected.

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5
Q

Optical Fibres

A

Used in endoscope, Medicine to see inside patient’s body.

Telephone, Internet and Cable TV Messages

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6
Q

Frequency of Gamma Rays

A

10 to the power 21Hz, -3 each time to get the rest.

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7
Q

Uses of Radiowaves

A

Long Range communication because they can be reflected from the Earth’s atmosphere

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8
Q

Microwaves

A

Satellite communications and heating food.

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9
Q

Infrared Radiation Uses

A

Optical Fibres, Remote Controls

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10
Q

Ultraviolet Radiation

A

For detecting security ink because it fluoresces with UV light

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11
Q

X-Rays Uses

A

To take photographs of bones and Security Scanners in Airports

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12
Q

Gamma Rays

A

To sterilise medical tools

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13
Q

Speed of Sound in Air

A

330 m/s

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14
Q

Speed of sound in water

A

1500 m/s

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15
Q

Speed of Sound in Steel

A

5100 m/s

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16
Q

Ferrous Materials

A

Magnetic Materials including Iron,Nickel and Cobalt. Steel and Ferrite contain Iron. Not all alloys of iron like stainless steel are magnetic

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17
Q

Hard Magnet

A

Difficult to magnetise however retains magnetism well.
Hard Steel
Used for Permanent Magnets, Compass Needles.

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18
Q

Soft Magnets

A

Easy to magnetise but readily loses its magnetism.
Soft Iron
Cores for Electromagnets, Transformers and Radio aerials.

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19
Q

Current

A

The rate at which electric charge passes a point in a Circuit

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20
Q

Electromotive force

A

Energy supplied by a source of electrical energy in driving a charge around a complete circuit.

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21
Q

Resistance and length

A

Proportional to each other

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22
Q

Relation between resistance and crosses section of a wire.

A

Inversely proportional

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23
Q

Potentiometer (Variable Potential Divider)

A

A potentiometer can alter the current flowing through the circuit

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24
Q

Input Transducers

A

The input transducer responds to a change in the environment and produces a voltage.

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25
Q

Transducer

A

Any device that converts energy from one form to another

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26
Q

Light dependent Resistor

A

A variable resistor whose resistance depends on the amount of light shining on it.
Resistance high = Light low
Resistance low = Light High

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27
Q

Thermistor

A

A variable resistor whose resistance changes by a large amount over a narrow range of temperatures
Resistance changes in a non-linear way.

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28
Q

Relay

A

An electromagnetically operated switch, often when the second circuit involves a large voltage.
(2 complete circuits)

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29
Q

Diode

A

A component that only allows current to travel in one direction

30
Q

LED Light emitting diode

A

Gives out light when a current flows through.

31
Q

Hazard of Damaged Insulation

A

Person who touches could be subject to lethal shock

32
Q

Hazard of Overheating of Cables

A

Passing too much current through too small a wire, overheats the wire.
Could cause a fire or melt the insulation, exposing live wires

33
Q

Hazard of Damp Conditions near wires

A

Moisture could conduct electricity either causing a short circuit within a device or posing electrocution risk

34
Q

Fuse

A

A safety device that cuts off the flow of electricity to an appliance if the current becomes too large .
Typically 3A, 5A and 13A

35
Q

Benefits of Earthing metal cases

A

Causes the supply of electricity to be cut off if a live wire came in contact with the case, making it safe.

36
Q

Residual Current Device

A

A device used to protect the user in case of an electrical fault.

37
Q

Trip Switch

A

A device used to protect an electric circuit in case of an electrical fault

38
Q

Field lines of a current

A

Right Hand Grip Rule

39
Q

Rule for Motors

A

Fleming’s Left hand Rule,
Thumb-Thrust
Index Finger-Field
Middle Finger - Current

40
Q

Split Ring Commutator

A

Motors

Reverses the flow of current to the coil every half turn , which keeps the coil spinning.

41
Q

How can the turning effect in the motor be increased?

A

Increase the current
Increase the number of turns in the coil
Increase the strength of the magnetic field

42
Q

Action of Motor

A

The current creates a magnetic field around the coil, which interacts with field of the magnets consequently a force is exerted on the coil in accordance to Fleming’s Left hand Rule resulting in the coil spinning.

43
Q

How to increase Induced EMF while doing EM Induction

A

Moving the wire or magnet faster
Using a stronger magnet
Adding more turns to the coil

44
Q

Rule for AC Generator

A

Fleming’s Right hand Rule
Thumb-Thrust
First Finger-Field
Second Finger-Current

45
Q

AC GENERATOR

A

As the coil is rotated by some mechanical means, it cuts through the magnetic field lines, inducing an EMF which could then create a current

46
Q

How can more EMF be generated in AC GENERATOR

A

Turning the coil faster
Increasing the strength of the magnetic field
Adding more turns to the coil

47
Q

Slip Rings

A

Attached to the end of the coils,transfer the current to metal brushes while allowing the coil to rotate freely

48
Q

Alternating Current when coil is vertical to the magnetic field

A

It is at zero

49
Q

Step up Transformer

A

Increases the voltage of a power source

Secondary coil has more turns than on the primary coil

50
Q

How Transformer works

A

When AC current is supplied to the primary coil, a changing magnetic field is produced by the primary coil which then passes through the soft Iron core and induces EMF in the secondary coil. This EMF is also AC and has the same frequency as the original current

51
Q

Advantages of using High-Voltage transmission

A

Less energy is lost which reduces power lost

52
Q

How does High Voltage reduce Power loss?

A

When Electricity is transmitted over long distances, the current in the wire heats up, resulting in energy loss. When the voltage is raised at which the electricity is transmitted, less energy is lost because of less heat produced from less current

53
Q

Device used to measure count rate

A

Geiger Muller Tube

54
Q

Alpha Particle

A 
Charge +2
Same composition as a Helium Nucleus
Most Intense Ionisation
Range is 4-5 cm, reduces with increased pressure
Can be stopped by thin sheet of paper
55
Q

Beta Particle

A 
Fast moving electron
1/1836 mass of a proton
-1 Charge
Can travel further than Alpha Particle
Stopped by Thick sheet of Aluminium
56
Q

Gamma Rays

A

Much less Ionisation than Alpha or Beta
No charge
No mass
Very high penetration, can only be stopped by thick sheet of Lead

57
Q

How can radiation affect Living Things

A

Causes Ionisation (if radiation is intense) in the cell, killing it
DNA in the cell nucleus is damaged, which could possibly cause cancer.
Cause mutation in gametes, which could have drastic negative consequences for offspring.

58
Q

How are Radioactive materials handled

A

Kept in thick lead box
Tongs are used when handling
Safe distance away from the Material

59
Q

Becquerel Bq

A

SI Unit of activity, 1 Bq= one decay per second

60
Q

Cell

A

A device that provides a voltage in a circuit by means of a chemical reaction

61
Q

Chemical Energy

A

Energy stored in chemical substances and which can be released in a chemical reaction

62
Q

Chemical Energy

A

Energy stored in chemical substances and which can be released in a chemical reaction

63
Q

Circuit Breaker

A

A safety device that automatically switches off a circuit when the current becomes too high

64
Q

Commutator

A

A device that allows current to flow from coil to and from the coil of a D.C motor or generator

65
Q

Contaminated

A

When an object has acquired some unwanted radioactive substance

66
Q

Strain energy

A

Energy of an object due to it having been stretched or compressed

67
Q

Internal Energy

A

Energy of an object:

All the kinetic and potential energies of its particles

68
Q

Electric Field

A

A region of space in which an electric charge will experience a force

69
Q

Nuclide

A

A species of nucleus having particular values of proton and nucleon number

70
Q

Thermionic Emission

A

Process by which cathode rays (electrons) are release from heated cathode of a cathode ray tube

71
Q

Work done

A

The amount of energy transferred when one body exerts a force on another.

IGCSE (5 decks)

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