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IGCSE > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Sustainable Development

A

Development providing for the needs of an increasing human population without harming the environment.

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2
Q

Sustainable Resource

A

A resource which is produced as rapidly as it is removed from the environment so that it does not run out.

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3
Q

2 ways how Nitrogen is converted to into Nitrates

A

1) Nitrogen fixing bacteria

2) Lightning can fix N2 Gas

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4
Q

Nitrification

A

Nitrifying Bacteria convert the ammonium compounds (from urea or protein) into Nitrites then to Nitrates which can be absorbed by plants.

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5
Q

Denitrifying Bacteria

A

These bacteria take nitrates out of the soil and convert them back to N2 Gas in poorly aerated soil (less oxygen)

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6
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent Lens that refracts (bends) light as it enters the eye

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7
Q

Iris

A

Controls how much light enters the pupil

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8
Q

Lens

A

Transparent Disc that can change shape to focus light onto the retina.

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9
Q

Retina

A

Contains light receptor cells - rods (detect light intensity) and cones (detect colour).

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10
Q

Optic nerve

A

Sensory neurone that carries impulses between the eye and the brain

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11
Q

Consequences of Intensive Livestock Farming

A

Reduction in Biodiversity
Soil Erosion
Methane

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12
Q

Factors that can cause Famine

A

Natural Disasters
Increasing Population
Poverty
Unequal food distribution

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13
Q

Monoculture Consequences

A

Lower biodiversity
Increase in pest populations
Negative effects of Insecticides

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14
Q

Improving Food Production

A

Agricultural Machinery
Chemical Fertilizers
Insecticides and Herbicides
Selective Breeding

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15
Q

Cause of Habitat Destrution

A

Economic activities and pollution from Economic Activities

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16
Q

Bad effects of Deforestation

A

Biodiversity Loss
Soil Erosion
Flooding
Increases CO2

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17
Q

Causes of Pollution

A 
Untreated Sewage
Chemical Waste
Discarded Rubbish (plastic)
Fertilisers
Insecticides and Herbicides
Nuclear Fallout
Methane
Carbon Dioxide
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18
Q

Plastic in Marine Habitats

A

Animals often try to eat plastic
Releases toxins when it breaks down
Ingested as micro plastics

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19
Q

Plastic on Land

A

Burying in landfills.

Releases toxins and landfill is not good for agriculture.

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20
Q

Negative Effects of Female Contraceptive hormones

A

Cause Feminisation in Male organisms like frogs (they start producing eggs and lose the ability to reproduce)
Smaller offspring produced and food chains are disrupted
Hormones can reduce sperm count in Human Males which cause fertility problems

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21
Q

Movement

A

An action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change in position

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22
Q

Respiration

A

The chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism

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23
Q

Sensitivity

A

The ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal and external environment and to make appropriate response

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24
Q

Growth

A

A permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both

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25
Q

Excretion

A

Removal from organisms of the waste products of Metabolism, toxic materials and substances in excess of requirements

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26
Q

Nutrition

A

Taking in of materials for energy, growth and development.

Plants require light, CO2, water and ions while animals need organic compounds, ions and usually need water

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27
Q

Species

A

Group of organisms that can produce fertile offspring

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28
Q

Sequence of Classification

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species

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29
Q

Main features of Animal Kingdom

A

Multicellular
Nucleus but no chlorophyll or cell wall
Feed on organic substances made by other beings

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30
Q

Main features of fungi

A

Usually Multicellular
Have nuclei and cell wall made from chitin
Feed by saprophytic or parasitic nutrition

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31
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Often unicellular
Have cell walls made from peptidoglycan
No nucleus and mitochondria

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32
Q

Crustaceans

A

More than 4 pairs of jointed legs
Chalky exoskeleton formed from Calcium
Breathe through gills
2 pairs of antennae

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33
Q

Arachnids

A

4 pairs of jointed legs
Body segmented into cephalothorax and abdomen
Breathe through gills called book lungs
No antennae

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34
Q

Insects

A

3 pairs of jointed legs
Body segmented into Head, Thorax and Abdomen
1 pair of Antennae
2 pairs of wings which could be vestigial

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35
Q

Myriapods

A

Many segments
Each segment has at least one pair of jointed legs
One pair of antennae

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36
Q

Ferns

A

Leaves called fronds

Reproduce by spores produced on the underside of the frond

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37
Q

Flowering plants

A

Reproduce sexually by means of flowers and seeds

Can be divided into 2 groups- Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons

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38
Q

Monocotyledons

A

Flowers contain petals in multiples of 3

Leaves have parallel leaf veins

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39
Q

Dicotyledons

A

Flowers have petals of multiples of
4 or 5
Leaves have reticulated leaf veins

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40
Q

Viruses

A

Simply genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside a protein coat.

Takes over a host cell’s metabolic pathways

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41
Q

Vesicles

A

Used to safely transport substances from one part of the cell to another

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42
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls cell division

Contains genetic material which decides how the cells grow and work

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43
Q

Specialised Cells

A

Cells which have developed certain characteristics in order to perform particular functions

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44
Q

Adaptations of Xylem Vessel

A

No top and bottom walls between xylem vessels, so there is continuous column of water running through them.
Cells are dead without organelles or cytoplasm to allow free passage of water.
Their walls are thickened with a substance called Lignin which means they are able to support the plant

45
Q

Organ

A

A structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform a specific action

46
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells with similar structure, working together to perform a shared function.

47
Q

Organ system

A

Organ system is a group of organs working with related functions, working together to perform body functions

48
Q

Factors of Diffusion

A

Surface Area
Temperature
Concentration gradient
Distance

49
Q

Animal cell in Hypertonic Solution

A

Net movement of water out

Shrivelled cells

50
Q

Animal Cells in an Isotonic Solution

A

No net movement of water

Normal cells

51
Q

Animal cell in Hypotonic solution

A

Net movement of water in, causing cells swell and it may Lyse (burst)

52
Q

Active Transport

A

Movement of particles from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration using energy from respiration

53
Q

How protein molecules move particles

A

Substance combines with carrier protein
Transports substance across membrane using energy from respiration.(by changing shape)
Substance releases into the cell

54
Q

What does Protein contain?

A

Carbon,Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and trace amounts of Sulphur

55
Q

Limiting Factor

A

Something present in the environment in such short supply that it restricts life processes

56
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light

57
Q

Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate

A

Can be used to adjust CO2 concentration while doing experiment with Pondweed to check photosynthesis

58
Q

3 main limiting factors on Photosynthesis

A

Temperature
Carbon Dioxide
Light Intensity

59
Q

Hydrogen Carbonate Indicator when there is low concentration of CO2

A

Purple (usually during day because CO2 is being used up by the leaves for photosynthesis)

60
Q

Hydrogen carbonate indicator when there is high concentration of CO2

A

Yellow (usually during night when respiration takes place at night, so CO2 is released)
(indicator is red in the control)

61
Q

Function of magnesium in the plant and effects of its deficiency

A

Magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll and it’s deficiency causes Chlorosis;yellowing between the veins of leaves

62
Q

Function of nitrates in the plant and effects of its deficiency

A

Nitrates are a source of nitrogen for plants needed to make Amino acids. Deficiency causes stunted growth and yellowing of leaves

63
Q

Vitamin D- Function, Sources and Deficiency

A

Helps body absorb Calcium and so required for strong teeth and bones
Found in liver, fish, egg, dairy products and naturally made by the body in sunlight
Deficiency causes Rickets- Bones are soft and deformed

64
Q

Vitamin C- Function, Sources and Deficiency

A

Forms an essential part of collagen protein which makes up skin, hair, gums and bones
Citrus Fruit, Strawberries and Green Vegetables
Deficiency causes Scurvy

65
Q

Iron- Function, Sources and Deficiency

A

Needed to make Haemoglobin.
Red meat, liver, leafy green vegetables
Causes anaemia

66
Q

Calcium- Function, Sources and Deficiency

A

Needed for strong teeth and bones and involved in the clotting of blood
Milk,cheese,eggs
Osteoporosis later in life

67
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

PEM
Caused by lack of protein
Distinct swollen abdomen and underweight
Common in children under 2

68
Q

Marasmus

A

PEM
Lack of both proteins and energy in diet
Much lower body weight and look emaciated

69
Q

6 different stages when passing through alimentary canal

A 
Ingestion
Mechanical Digestion
Chemical digestion
Absorption
Assimilation
Egestion
70
Q

Absorption

A

Movement of small food molecules and ions through the wall of small intestine into the blood

71
Q

Assimilation

A

The movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cells.

72
Q

Egestion

A

The passing out of food that has not been digested or absorbed as faeces through the anus

73
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces all 3 types of digestive enzymes: Amylase,Protease and Lipase
Secretes enzymes in an alkaline fluid into the duodenum for digestion to raise the pH of fluid coming out of the stomach

74
Q

Gall Bladder

A

Stores bile to release into the duodenum as required

75
Q

Xylem and Phloem in Leaf and Stem vascular bundle

A

Xylem is above and Phloem is below for Leaf

Xylem is towards the middle in stem and root

76
Q

Transpiration

A

Los of water vapour from plant leaves by evaporation of water at the surfaces of mesophyll cells followed by diffusion of water vapour through the stomata

77
Q

Circulatory system

A

A system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood.

78
Q

Risk Factors for CHD

A 
More saturated fat in diet
History of heart disease in family
More risk for males than females
Increases over age
Increases when more stressed
Nicotine from Smoking increases blood pressure
79
Q

Active Immunity

A

A defence against a pathogen by antibody production in the body

80
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Short term defense against a pathogen by antibodies acquired from another individual.

81
Q

Muscles during Inspiration or Breathing in

A

External Intercoastal muscles contracts
the Diaphragm contract and flatten
Ribcage moves up and out

82
Q

Exhalation or Expiration

A

External Intercoastal Muscles relax
Diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome shaped
Ribcage moves down and in

83
Q

Object far away

A

Ciliary muscles relaxed
Suspensory ligaments pulled tight
Lens is thinner

84
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Chemical reactions in cells that use oxygen to break down nutrient molecules for energy

85
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Chemical Reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules to release energy without using oxygen

86
Q

Reflex action or involuntary action

A

Automatic and rapid response to a stimulus

87
Q

Eye in dim light

A 
Photoreceptors detect change
Radial muscles contract
Circular muscles relax
Pupil dilates
More light enters the eye
88
Q

Sense organs

A

Groups of receptor cells responding to a specific stimuli: light,sound,touch, temperature and chemicals

89
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical substance produced by a gland and carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs.

90
Q

Side effects of anabolic steroids

A

Increases risks of Heart disease, kidney and liver damage
Affects menstrual cycle in women
Decreases the ability of the immune system

91
Q

Menstruation

A

Pituitary gland produces FSH which stimulates the development of a follicle in the ovary. An egg develops and causes oestrogen to be produced which inhibits FSH . oestrogen causes growth and repair of the lining of the uterus and causes LH to start being produced . LH causes ovulation to happen. After the egg becomes corpus luteum, Progesterone is produced to maintain the uterus lining. It will continue to produce progesterone until placenta is formed during pregnancy or pregnancy doesnt happen

92
Q

Inheritance

A

Transmission of genetic information from generation to generation

93
Q

Gene

A

Short length of DNA that codes for a specific protein

94
Q

Transcription and Translation

A

DNA unwinds then base code of each gene is transcribed onto a messenger RNA.
THE mRNA carrying copy of gene moves out of the nucleus and passes through a ribosome.
Ribosome codes an amino acid for each triplet of bases.
After amino acid assembly, it is released from ribosome, it folds and forms protein

95
Q

Monohybrid Inheritance

A

Inheritance of characteristics controlled by a single gene

96
Q

Variation

A

Differences in individuals of the same species

97
Q

Adaptive feature

A

Inherited functional features of an organism that increase its fitness

98
Q

Fitness

A

Probability of an organism surviving and reproducing in the environment it is found.

99
Q

Evolution

A

Change in adaptive features of a population over time as a result of natural selection

100
Q

Process of Adaptation

A

Process resulting from natural selection, by which populations become more suited to their environment over many generations.

101
Q

Population

A

A group of organisms of one species, living in the same area at the same time

102
Q

Community

A

All of the populations of different species in an ecosystem

103
Q

Typical Growth Curve

A 
Sigmoid Curve Shape
Lag Phase
Log Phase
Stationary Phase
Death Phase
104
Q

Fruit Juice Production

A

Pectinase breaks down pectin polysaccharide in fruit cell walls to release more juice and make juice clearer.

105
Q

Benefits of Biological Washing Powders

A

Quickly breaks down large insoluble molecules
Effective at lower temperatures
Can be used to clean delicate fabrics

106
Q

Fermenters

A

Check Biotech and Engineering chapter

107
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

Changing the genetic material of an organism by removing,changing or inserting individual genes from another organism

108
Q

Process of Genetic engineering

A

Check the chapter

IGCSE (5 decks)

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