Physics Flashcards
This states that everybody in the universe attracts each body with a force that is directly proportional to each of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
Formula for the Law of Universal Gravitation
F = G[(m1m2)/R^2]
What is the gravitational constant in terms of kg and m?
6.67 x 10^-11
What is the formula for the gravitational acceleration at a distance from the center of the earth
g = (G x Me) / R^2
What is the Mass of the earth?
5.972 x 10^24 kg
What is the radius of the earth in kilometers?
6,378.1 km
A kind of motion where it repeats itself in a definite cycle. Occurs whenever a body has a stable equilibrium and position and restoring force that acts when it is displaced from equilibrium.
Periodic Motion
Formula for the Period of the Simple Harmonic Motion of a Mass Attached to a Spring.
T=2π√(m/k)
where k is the spring constant and m is the mass of the body attached to the spring
Formula for the Period of the Simple Harmonic Motion of a Simple Pendulum
T=2π√(L/g)
where L is the length of the pendulum and g is the standard gravitational acceleration
It is a disturbance that moves through a medium
Wave
In a waveform, it indicates the maximum displacement of the particles
Amplitude
It is the number of waves that pass a point per second.
Frequency (f)
The time required for one complete wave to pass a given point
Period (T)
Inversely proportional to the frequency of a wave
Period (T)
The distance between adjacent wave crests
Wavelength (λ )
Formula for the wavelength
λ = v/f
It is a type of wave where the particles of the medium move back and forth perpendicular to the direction of the wave. An example is the waves of a stretched string.
Transverse Wave
A type of wave where the particles move back and forth in the same direction as the wave. Also called as Compressional wave. An example of this is when pulling then releasing a coil spring
Longitudinal Wave
A type of wave where the two waves of equal magnitude and frequency travel in opposite directions in a medium.
Standing wave (Stationary Wave)
The easiest frequency mode of vibration possible. It is characterized by making an entire stretched string move up and down as a single unit.
Fundamental Mode
The point where the amplitude is zero.
Node
Point where the amplitude is maximum
Antinode
Reference density of sound Intensity in terms of decibels
0 dB
0 dB = _________W/m^2
1 W/m^2 (just audible intensity)
Formula for the Sound Intensity (B) in dB
B = 10*log(I/Io)
where Io is equal to the reference density (1 x 10^-12)
Formula for the difference of Sound Intensity Levels in dB
B = 10*log(I2/I1)
-in dB
This phenomenon happens when there is a relative motion between a source of sound and a listener and the frequency of the sound heard by the listener is different from the frequency of sound at the source.
Doppler Effect
As the source of sound approaches a listener, the wavelength of the sound waves becomes __________, thus the frequency __________.
Shorter, Increases
What is the velocity of sound in air at a normal room temperature of 20 degrees C. If not given in a problem, this value is usually used.
343 m/s
What is the velocity of sound in air at a temperature of 0 degrees C?
332 m/s
Sound moves fastest in what phase of matter?
Solids
Sound moves slowest in what phase of matter
Gases
What is the formula for the Orbital velocity due to to Gravity
Vorbit = √(GMe / R)
What is the formula for the period of a rotating object around the earth.
T=(2πR)/Vorbit or
T = 2π√(R^3/GMe)
What is the product of Force and displacement?
Work
The energy because of motion
Kinetic Energy
What is the formula for the Translational (Linear) Kinetic Energy?
KE = 1/2 (mv^2)
What is the formula for the Rotational Kinetic Energy
KE = 1/2(Iω^2)
where I is the Moment of Inertia and ω is the angular velocity.
It is the energy because of position.
Potential Energy
What is the formula for the Gravitational Potential Energy?
GPE = mgh
What is the formula for the Elastic Potential Energy
EPE = 1/2 (k/x^2)
where k is the spring/force constant and the x is the length of stretching/compression.
It is the sum of the Kinetic and Potential Energy.
Total Mechanical Energy
The rate at which work is done.
Power
1 horsepower = _________ Watts = _________ ft-lb/s
746 Watts , 550 ft-lb/s
It is the ability to change the energy of a body.
Work
It states that the work done on a body is equal to the change in its energy
Work-Energy Theorem
Formula for the Work-Energy Theorem
W = ΔKE + ΔPE
This states that Energy is neither created nor destroyed.
Law of Conservation of Energy
Formula for Linear Momentum
p = mv
where m is the mass and v is the velocity
Formula for Angular Momentum
→
L=I×ω
where I is the Moment of Inertia and ω is the angular velocity
The product of Force and time. It is also equal to the change in momentum
Impulse
Formula for Impulse
F • t = m • ∆v
In all collisions, the total momentum is always _________.
Conserved
Formula for the conservation of Momentum
m1 • v1 = m2 • v2
Type of collision where the Total Momentum and the Total Kinetic energy are conserved
Elastic Collision
Type of Collision where the Total Momentum is conserved while the Total Kinetic Energy is not.
Inelastic Collision
In an inelastic collision the final Kinetic Energy is always _______ than the Initial KE
less
What type of collision where the particles/materials stick together after collision?
Perfectly inelastic collision
Type of Collision where the Coefficient of Restitution is equal to 1
Elastic Collision
Type of Collision where the Coefficient of Restitution is greater than 0 but lesser than 1
Partially Inelastic Collision
What is the Coefficient of Restitution of a Perfectly Inelastic Collision
0
This is the negative ratio of the relative speed of an object after collision over the relative speed of an object before collision
Coefficient of Restitution
What is the formula for the coefficient of Restitution of a bouncing ball?
e = √(final height/initial height)
Most real life collisions are what type of collisions?
Partially Inelastic Collisions
Potential Energy is _______ when the displacement is equal to the amplitude
maximum
Kinetic energy is maximum when the displacement is _______
zero
What is the formula for the angular frequency?
ω = 2π/T or ω = 2πf
In simple harmonic motion, the period is independent of the
Amplitude
What is the formula for the velocity of the wave in a Transverse wave?
v = √T/μ
where T is the tension or force and μ is the mass per unit length
What is the formula for the Power transmitted along the Transverse wave
P =1/2 • μ • v • ω^2 • A^2
What frequencies can humans hear
20 to 20,000 Hz
What is the formula for the Intensity of the sound?
I = P/A
where P is the Power from the source while A is the surface area of the sphere which is equal to 4πR^2
How much is the Threshold of Hearing?
I = 10^-12 W/m^2
This phenomenon indicates the apparent change in frequency of a wave due to relative motion between the source and observer.
Doppler Effect.
The study of the nature and behavior of light
Optics
Waves that can propagate in free space
Electromagnetic waves
Waves that can propagate in free space
Electromagnetic waves
What do you call the process of splitting light into a spectrum of colors?
Dispersion
What do you call the bouncing off of a wave (especially of light) in a surface
Reflection
This refers to the change in speed, direction and wavelength of light as it travels from one medium to another.
Refraction
It is the ratio of the speed of light in free space to the speed of light in the actual medium
Index of Refraction
Formula for Snell’s Law
n1 sin θ1= n2 sin θ2
When light travels from LOW refractive index to HIGH refractive index, the light will tend to move ________ the normal line
Towards
LHT - Low to High, Towards
When light travels from HIGH refractive index to LOW refractive index, the light will tend to move ______ from the normal line.
Away
HLA - High to Low, Away
A reflection phenomenon where all of the light goes back to the first medium.
Total Internal Reflection
The angle where the refracted angle is 90 degrees with respect to the normal line.
Critical Angle
An optical device that forms an image by reflecting light
Mirrors
In this type of mirror, if the object is at the focal point then there is no image produced.
Concave/Converging Mirror
In a Concave/Converging Mirror, if the object is between the focal point and the vertex of the lens, the resulting image is _______, ________, and ________.
Upright, Larger, and Virtual
In a Concave/Converging Mirror, if the object is between the center point and the focal point of the lens, the resulting image is _______, ________, and ________.
Inverted, Larger and Real
In a Concave/Converging Mirror, if the object is on the center point of the lens, the resulting image is _______, ________, and ________.
Inverted, same size and real
In a Concave/Converging Mirror, if the object is beyond the center point of the lens, the resulting image is _______, ________, and ________.
Inverted, smaller and real
When an Object is placed in front of a Convex/diverging mirror, the resulting image is?
Upright, Smaller, and virtual
When an inverted image is created from a mirror or lens, It is always a ______ image
real
When an upright image is created from a mirror or lens, it is always a _______ image
virtual
What kind of image is refracted from a concave lens
Upright, smaller and virtual.
For mirrors, a real image is located __________ of the mirror. Hint: In front / at the back
in front
For mirrors, a virtual image is located _______ of the mirror.
at the back
For lenses, a virtual image is located ______ of the lens
in front
For lenses, a real image is located _________ of the lens
at the back
What is the formula for the Radius of curvature of a mirror?
R = 2f
where f is the length of the focus
What is the formula for magnification?
m = Height of the image/Height of the object
or
m = - (image distance/object distance)
What is the general formula for mirrors/
1/f = 1/i +1/o
where if the image/focus is real use positive, if it is virtual use negative. and if it is inverted use negative while if it is upright use positive.
What is the range of the wavelength of the Visible waves?
400 nm to 700 nm
A theory stating the dual nature of light, both as a wave and as a particle.
Wave Particle Duality
This describes light as a particle bundled as packets of energy called Photon.
Black-Body radiation
The maximum angle of incidence in which no light will pass thru the object.
Critical Angle
An optical device with almost perfect axial symmetry which transmits and refracts light, converging or diverging the beam
Lens
Unit for the optical Power of the lens (1/f).
Dioptres (m^-1)
P = 1/f = (n-1)[(1/R1) - (1/R2)]
where R1 is the radius of curvature of the lens closest to the light source while R2 is the radius of curvature of the lens farthest from the light source. The n is the refractive index of the lens material
Type of nuclear forces that holds the atoms together. This is the one responsible for the attraction of the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus. This kind of attraction is stronger than electromagnetism
Strong Nuclear Forces
This type of Nuclear force causes the neutrons to break-up into subatomic particles.
Weak Nuclear Forces
This is the phenomenon where the neutrons of heavy elements break-up into subatomic particles.
Radioactivity
This is the process where an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and radiation.
Radioactive decay
A type of radioactive particle that has 2 protons and 2 neutrons and resembles the nucleus of Helium. It has a high charge but also has a high mass which makes it only able to travel short distances.
Alpha particles
A type of radioactive particle that are small and fast-moving ( faster than alpha particles) and more penetrating than alpha particles. These particles can penetrate the skin and can cause tissue and DNA damage but they can also be stopped by thin sheets of plastic or metal (aluminum).
Beta particles
A type of Beta particle that is negatively charged is identical to an ________.
Electron
A type of Beta particle that is positively charged is called.
Positron
These are often emitted along with the alpha and beta particles during radioactive decay. These are weightless packets of pure energy with energy greater than that of visible lights and x-rays. They have strong penetrating power.
Gamma Rays
This is a technique used to date materials. It is based on a comparison between the observed abundance of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope and its decay products, using known decay rates.
Radioactive decay
