Physics Flashcards

1
Q

average velocity

A

V= delta x/ delta t (m/s)

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2
Q

force

A

any push or pull that results in an acceleration

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3
Q

friction

A

a force that opposes motion as a function of electrostatic interactions at the surfaces of two objects

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4
Q

static friction

A

exists between two objects that are not in motion relative to each other; the force that must be overcome to to set an object in motion

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5
Q

kinetic friction

A

exists between two objects that are in motion relative to each other; opposes the motion of objects moving relative to each other; fk = μkN

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6
Q

acceleration

A

the rate of change of an object’s velocity, a vector quantity
a=delta v/ delta t (m/s^2)

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7
Q

Newtons

A

kg ⋅m/s^2

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8
Q

Gravitational force

A

Fg= Gm1m2/ r^2

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9
Q

Newton’s First Law

A

A body either at rest or in motion with constant velocity will remain that way unless a net force acts upon it. Fnet = ma = 0

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10
Q

Newton’s Second Law

A

An object of mass m will accelerate when the vector sum of the forces results in some nonzero resultant force vector. Fnet = ma

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11
Q

Newton’s Third Law

A

To every action, there is always an opposed but equal reaction. FAB = -FBA

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12
Q

Linear motion equations

A
V= V0 + at 
X= V0t + 1/2at^2
V^2 = V0^2 + 2ax
V = (Vo+V) / 2
X = Vt = (V0+V/2)t
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13
Q

Centripetal force

A

Fc = mv^2/r

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14
Q

Centripetal acceleration

A

ac=V^2/r

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15
Q

Translational equilibrium

A

exists only when the vector sum of all of the forces acting on an object is zero

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16
Q

Rotational motion

A

when forces are applied against an object in such a way as to cause the object to rotate around a fixed pivot point, also known as the fulcrum.

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17
Q

Torque

A

(moment of force) τ = r × F = rF sin θ

clockwise rotation= negative

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18
Q

Rotational equilibrium

A

exists only when the vector sum of all the torques acting on an object is zero.

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19
Q

Energy

A

Systems ability to do work, or make something happen

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20
Q

Kinetic energy

A

the energy of motion; K= 1/2 mv^2

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21
Q

joule

A

kg x m^2/ s^2

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22
Q

gravitational potential energy

A

U = mgh

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23
Q

elastic potential energy

A

U= 1/2 (kx^2)

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24
Q

Total Mechanical Energy

A

E = U + K

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25
Q

Work

A

W = F · d = Fd cos θ; Wnet = ΔK = Kf - Ki

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26
Q

Isobaric process

A

pressure remains constant, W = PΔV

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27
Q

Isovolumetric process (isochoric)

A

volume is constant, no work done

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28
Q

Power

A

P=W/t = ∆E/t

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29
Q

Thermal Expansion

A

ΔL = αLΔT

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30
Q

Volume Expansion

A

ΔV = βVΔT

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31
Q

Closed System

A

capable of exchanging energy, but not matter, with the sur-roundings.

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32
Q

Open systems

A

can exchange both matter and energy with the environment.

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33
Q

State Function

A

thermodynamic properties that are a function of only the current equilibrium state of a system, density, pressure, temperature, volume, enthalpy, internal energy, and entropy

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34
Q

Process function

A

describe the path taken to get from one state to another, work and heat

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35
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

the change in the total internal energy of a system is equal to the amount of energy transferred in the form of heat to the system, minus the amount of energy transferred from the system in the form of work. ΔU = Q - W

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36
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

objects in thermal contact and not in thermal equilibrium will exchange heat energy such that the object with a higher temperature will give off heat energy to the object with a lower temperature until both objects have the same temperature at thermal equilibrium.

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37
Q

Conduction

A

The direct transfer of energy via molecular collisions

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38
Q

Convection

A

The transfer of heat by the physical motion of a fluid

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39
Q

Radiation

A

The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves

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40
Q

Specific heat

A

q = mcΔT

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41
Q

zeroth law of thermodynamics

A

when one object is in thermal equilibrium with another object, and the second object is in thermal equilibrium with a third object, then the first and third object are also in thermal equilibrium, no net heat will flow between the objects

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42
Q

Heat

A

the transfer of thermal energy from a hotter object with a higher temp to a colder object with a lower temp

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43
Q

phase change heat energy

A

q=mL

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44
Q

solidification

A

liquid to solid

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45
Q

fusion

A

solid to liquid

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46
Q

vaporization/evaporation

A

liquid to gas

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47
Q

condensation

A

gas to liquid

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48
Q

Isothermal process

A

constant temperature, no change in internal energy

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49
Q

adiabatic process

A

no heat exchange

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50
Q

entropy

A

the measure of the spontaneous dispersal of energy at a specific temp: how much energy is spread out, or how widely it is spread out

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51
Q

change in entropy

A

∆S= Qrev/T (J/mol x K)

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52
Q

density

A

p=m/v (kg/ m^3)

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53
Q

density of water

A

1 g/cm^3 = 100 kg/ m^3

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54
Q

Fg with known density

A

Fg = pVg

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55
Q

Pressure

A

P = F/A

force per area

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56
Q

absolute (hydrostatic) pressure

A

the total pressure that is exerted on an object that is submerged in a fluid
P = P0 + plz

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57
Q

gauge pressure

A

the difference between the absolute pressure inside the tire and the atmospheric pressure outside the tire

P gauge = P - P atm = (Po + paz) - P atm

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58
Q

hydrostatics

A

the study of fluids at rest and the forces and pressures associated with standing fluids

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59
Q

Pascal’s principle

A

For fluids that are incompressible—that is, fluids with volumes that cannot be reduced by any significant degree through application of pressure—a change in pressure will be transmitted undiminished to every portion of the fluid and to the walls of the contain-ing vessel.
P = F1/A1 = F2/A2
F2 = F1(A2/A1)

larger area = larger force, but exerted through a smaller distance

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60
Q

Buoyancy force

A

Fbuoy = ρfluid x Vfluid displaced x g = ρfluid x Vsubmerged x g

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61
Q

surface tension

A

results from cohesion

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62
Q

cohesion

A

the attractive force that a molecule of liquid feels toward other molecules of the same liquid

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63
Q

adhesion

A

the attractive force that a molecule of the liquid feels toward the molecules of some other sub-stance.

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64
Q

viscosity

A

resistance of a fluid, more viscous fluids lose more energy flowing

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65
Q

laminar flow

A

smooth and orderly, often modeled as layers of ludicrous that flow parallel to each other, layers closest to the wall of the pipe flows more slowly than the more interior layers of fluid

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66
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A

Q = πr^4x delta P/ 8nL

n = viscosity of fluid, Q = rate of flow

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67
Q

Turbulent flow

A

rough and disorderly, causes the formation of eddies, which are swirls of fluid of varying sizes occurring typically on the downstream side of an obstacle, when fluid exceeds a certain critical speed

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68
Q

flow rate

A

Q = v1A1 = v2A2

flow more quickly through narrow passages and slowly through wider ones

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69
Q

closed loop

A

non constant flow (the circulatory system)

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70
Q

F buoyant

A

= weight of displaced fluid = P fluid x V object x g

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71
Q

photon energy

A

E = hf

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72
Q

Beta decay

A

a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (electron) is emitted from an atomic nucleus

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73
Q

Coulomb’s law

A

Fe = kq1q2 / r^2

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74
Q

Magnitude of electric field

A

E = Fe / q = kQ/ r^2

q = test charge 
Q = source charge
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75
Q

Electric potential energy

A

U= kQq/r

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76
Q

electric potential

A

V = U / q = kQ/r

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77
Q

potential difference

A

delta V = Va - Vb= Was/q

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78
Q

equipotential line

A

a line on which the potential at every point is the same. That is, the potential difference between any two points on an equipotential line is zero

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79
Q

dipole moment (p)

A

p = qd (C x m )

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80
Q

electric dipole

A

V = (kqd/r^2) cos theta

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81
Q

torque on a dipole

A

T = pE sintheta

p=qd

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82
Q

tesla (T)

A

1 T = 1 N x s/ m x C

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83
Q

diamagnetic materials

A

are made of atoms with no unpaired electrons and that have no net magnetic field: wood, plastics, water, glass, and skin
slightly repelled by a magnet

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84
Q

paramagnetic materals

A

have unpaired electrons, so these atoms do have a net magnetic dipole moment; become weakly magnetized in the presence of an external magnetic field, aligning the magnetic dipoles of the material with the external field. Upon removal of the external field, the thermal energy of the individual atoms will cause the individual magnetic dipoles to reorient randomly: aluminum, copper, gold

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85
Q

ferromagnetic materals

A

have unpaired electrons and permanent atomic magnetic dipoles that are normally oriented randomly so that the material has no net magnetic dipole. However, will become strongly magnetized when exposed to a magnetic field or under certain temperatures: iron, nickel, and cobalt

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86
Q

magnetic force (Fb)

A

Fb= qvB sin theta

B = magnitude of magnetic field

any charge moving parallel or antiparallel to the direction of the magnetic field will experience no force from the magnetic field .

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87
Q

metallic conductivity

A

Metal atoms can easily lose one or more of their outer electrons, which are then free to move around in the larger collection of metal atoms. This makes most metals good electrical and thermal conductors.

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88
Q

electrolytic conductivity

A

depends on the strength of the solution

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89
Q

current

A

the flow of charge between two points at different electrical potentials connected by a conductor, such a s a copper wire

I = Q / delta t (the amount of charge Q passing through the conductor per unit time)
1 A = 1 C/s

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90
Q

direct current (DC)

A

in which the charge flows in one direction only

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91
Q

alternating current (AC)

A

in which the flow changes direction periodically

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92
Q

electromotive force (emf)

A

when no charge is moving between the two terminals of a cell that are at different potential values
V = J/C

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93
Q

Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule

A

Iinto junction = Ileaving junction

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94
Q

resistance

A

the opposition within any material to the movement and flow of charge.

R = pL/A

p= resistivity ( ohm- meter)
L = length of resistor 
A = cross sectional area 

A longer resistor means that electrons will have to travel a greater distance through a resistant material (if resistor doubles in length. resistance will double)

wider = more current can flow = less resistance

greater resistance at higher temps

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95
Q

Ohm’s law

A

V = IR

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96
Q

power of the resistor

A

P = IV = I^2R= V^2 / R

97
Q

resistors in series

A

current travels through each resistor in order to return to the cell

Vs= V1 + V2 + v3
Rs = R1 + R2 + R3
current stays constant

98
Q

resistors in parallel

A

electrons have a “choice” regarding which path they will take: some will choose one pathway, while others will choose a different pathway. No matter which path is taken, however, the voltage drop experienced by each division of current is the same because all pathways originate from a common point and end at a common point within the circuit.

Vp = V1 = V2 = V3
Voltage is constant!!!
1/Rp= 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3

the current in each branch will be inversely proportional to the resistance offered by each branch.

99
Q

capacitors

A

characterized by their ability to hold charge at a particular voltage.

100
Q

capacitance

A

C = Q/V (1 F = 1 C/V)

101
Q

micro unit

A

1 x 10 ^-6

102
Q

pico unit

A

1 x 10^-12

103
Q

nano unit

104
Q

potential energy stored in a capacitor

A

U = 1/2 CV^2

105
Q

dielectric material

A

insulation, increases the capacitance by a factor called the dielectric constant

106
Q

capacitance due to a dielectric material

A

C′ = κC

C = Aκε0/d

107
Q

ammeters

A

used to measure the current at some point within a circuit, requires the circuit to be on; inserted in series where the current is being measured and use the magnetic prop-erties of a current-carrying wire to cause a visible needle movement or a calibrated display of the current

108
Q

voltmeters

A

also use magnetic properties of current-carrying wires. However, are used to measure the voltage drop across two points in a circuit. They are wired in parallel to these two points. Also require circuit to be active

109
Q

Ohmmeters

A

does not require a circuit to be active, will often have their own battery of known voltage and then function as ammeters through another point in the circuit.

110
Q

sinusoidal waves

A

may be transverse or longitudinal, the individual particles oscillate back and forth with a displacement that follows a sinusoidal pattern.

111
Q

transverse waves

A

the direction of particle oscillation is perpendicular to the propagation (movement) of the wave: electromagnetic wave, visible light, microwaves, and X-rays

112
Q

longitudinal waves

A

ones in which the particles of the wave oscillate parallel to the direction of propagation; that is, the wave particles are oscillating in the direction of energy transfer: sound waves, slinky flat on a table and tapping on end

113
Q

wavelength (λ)

A

The distance from one maximum (crest) of the wave to the next

114
Q

frequency (f)

A

the number of wavelengths passing a fixed point per second, and is measured in hertz (Hz) or cycles per second (cps).

115
Q

propagation speed (v)

116
Q

period (T)

A

T = 1/f

the number of seconds per cycle

117
Q

angular frequency (w)

A

w = 2 pi f = 2 pi /T

118
Q

amplitude (A)

A

The maximum magnitude of displacement in a wave (from the equilibrium position)

119
Q

principle of superposition

A

states that when waves interact with each other, the displacement of the resultant wave at any point is the sum of the displacements of the two interacting waves.

120
Q

constructive interference

A

When the waves are perfectly in phase, the displacements always add together and the amplitude of the resultant is equal to the sum of the amplitudes of the two waves.

121
Q

destructive interference

A

When waves are perfectly out of phase, the displacements always counteract each other and the amplitude of the resultant wave is the difference between the amplitudes of the interacting waves

122
Q

traveling wave

A

If a string fixed at one end is moved up and down, a wave will form and travel, or propagate, toward the fixed end. If the free end of the string is continuously moved up and down, there will then be two waves: the original wave moving down the string toward the fixed end and the reflected wave moving away from the fixed end. These waves will then interfere with each other.

123
Q

standing waves

A

a vibration of a system in which some particular points remain fixed while others between them vibrate with the maximum amplitude.

124
Q

timbre

A

the quality of the sound, is determined by the natural frequency or frequencies of the object.

125
Q

audible frequencies

A

between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz, high-frequency hearing generally declines with age.

126
Q

damping

A

a decrease in amplitude of a wave caused by an applied or nonconservative force.

127
Q

sound

A

a longitudinal wave transmitted by the oscillation of particles in a deform-able medium

128
Q

speed of sound

A
v = √B/p
B= a measure of the medium's resistance to compression 
p = the density of the medium
129
Q

pitch

A

our perception of the frequency of sound

lower frequency = lower pitch

130
Q

Doppler effect

A

describes the difference between the actual frequency of a sound and its perceived frequency when the source of the sound and the sound’s detector are moving relative to one another. If the source and detector are moving toward each other, the perceived frequency, f ′, is greater than the actual frequency, f. If the source and detector are moving away from each other, the perceived frequency is less than the actual frequency.

131
Q

Doppler effect equation

A

f’ = f (v ± vD)/ (v ∓ Vs )

top sign for toward
bottom sign for away

Vd = speed of detector 
Vs= speed of source
132
Q

loudness / volume

A

the way in which we perceive the intensity of a sound

133
Q

sound intensity

A

the average rate of energy transfer per area across a surface that is perpendicular to the wave. In other words, intensity is the power transported per unit area.

134
Q

Intensity equation

A

I = P/A

Intensity, therefore, is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source.

135
Q

sound level (β)

A

β = 10 log I/Io

136
Q

wavelength of a standing wave

A

λ = 2L/ n

n = harmonic

137
Q

frequency of standing wave with n harmonic

138
Q

first harmonic (fundamental frequency) (standing wave)

A
n = 1
wavelength = 2L 

1 antinode

139
Q

second harmonic (standing wave)

A
n = 2
wavelength = L
140
Q

third harmonic (standing wave)

A
n = 3 
wavelength = 2L/3
141
Q

wavelength of closed pipe

A

λ = 4L/ n

n = 1, 3, 5, etc

142
Q

frequency of closed pipe

143
Q

first harmonic closed pipe

A
n = 1
L = λ / 4
144
Q

third harmonic closed pipe

A

L = 3 λ / 4

145
Q

fifth harmonic closed pipe

A

L = 5 λ /4

146
Q

ultrasound

A

uses high frequency sound waves outside the range of human hearing to compare the relative densities of tissues in the body, Because the speed of the wave and travel time is known, the machine can generate a graphical representation of borders and edges within the body by calculating the traversed distance

147
Q

doppler ultrasound

A

used to determine the flow of blood within the body by detecting the frequency shift that is associated with movement toward or away from the receiver.

148
Q

radio waves

A

long wavelength, low frequency, low energy

149
Q

gamma rays

A

short wavelength, high frequency, high energy

150
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, and XRs

151
Q

electromagnetic waves

A

are transverse waves because the oscillating electric and magnetic field vectors are perpendicular to the direction of propagation. The electric field and the magnetic field are also perpendicular to each other

152
Q

speed of light (c)

153
Q

visible spectrum

A

400 nm - 700 nm

154
Q

rectilinear propagation

A

When light travels through a homogeneous medium, it travels in a straight line

155
Q

reflection

A

the rebounding of incident light waves at the boundary of a medium. Light waves that are reflected are not absorbed into the second medium; rather, they bounce off of the boundary and travel back through the first medium.

156
Q

real image

A

if the light actually converges at the position of the image

157
Q

virtual image

A

if the light only appears to be coming from the position of the image, but does not actually converge there

158
Q

plane mirrors

A

Parallel incident light rays remain parallel after reflection from a plane mirror; always create virtual images

159
Q

spherical mirrors

A

concave and convex; have an associated center of curvature (C) and a radius of curvature (r).

160
Q

center of curvature

A

a point on the optical axis located at a distance equal to the radius of curvature from the vertex of the mirror; in other words, it would be the center of the spherically shaped mirror if it were a complete sphere.

161
Q

converging mirror

A

the center of curvature and the radius of curvature are located in front of the mirror. (concave)
a ray that strikes the mirror parallel to the axis (the normal passing through the center of the mirror) is reflected back through the focal point. A ray that passes through the focal point before reaching the mirror is reflected back parallel to the axis. A ray that strikes the mirror at the point of intersection with the axis is reflected back with the same angle measured from the normal

Any time an object is at the focal point of a converging mirror, the reflected rays will be parallel, and thus, the image will be at infinity .

focal length is always positive

162
Q

diverging mirror

A

the center of curvature and the radius of curvature are behind the mirror

forms only a virtual, upright, and reduced image, regard-less of the position of the object. The farther away the object, the smaller the image will be.

focal length is always negative

163
Q

focal length ( f )

A

the distance between the focal point (F) and the mirror.

for all spherical mirrors, f=r/2, where the radius of curvature (r) is the distance between C and the mirror

164
Q

o

A

distance between the object and the mirror

165
Q

(i)

A

the distance between the image and the mirror

if image distance is positive (i > 0) then it is real and located in front of the mirror
if image distance is negative (i < 0) then it is virtual and located behind the mirror

166
Q

relationship between f, o, I, and r

A

1/f = 1/o + 1/I = 2/r

167
Q

real image

A

i > 0

positive distance, image located in front of mirror

168
Q

virtual image

A

i < 0
distance is negative
image is behind the mirror

169
Q

magnification

A

the ratio of the image distance to the object distance

m= −i/o

  • means inverted, + means upright
    |m| < 1, then reduced image
    |m| > 1, then enlarged image
    |m|= 1 then image is the same size as the object
170
Q

inverted image

171
Q

upright image

172
Q

UV NO IR

A

Upright images are always virtual
No image is formed when the object is a focal length away
Inverted images are always real

173
Q

refraction

A

the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another and changes speed.

n = c/v

c= speed of light in a vacuum 
v = speed of light in the medium 
n = index of refraction
173
Q

refraction

A

the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another and changes speed.

n = c/v

c= speed of light in a vacuum 
v = speed of light in the medium 
n = index of refraction
174
Q

index of refraction

175
Q

Snell’s law

A

n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2

n1 and θ1 refer to the medium from which the light is coming
n2 and θ2 refer to the medium from which the light is entering

when light enters a medium with a higher index of refraction (n2 > n1), it bends toward the normal (sin θ2 < sin θ1; therefore, θ2 < θ1)

if the light travels into a medium where the index of refraction is smaller (n2 < n1), the light will bend away from the normal (sin θ2 > sin θ1; therefore, θ2 > θ1)

176
Q

Total internal reflection

A

a phenomenon in which all the light incident on a boundary is reflected back into the original material, results with any angle of incidence greater than the critical angle, θc

occurs as the light moves from a medium with a higher refractive index to a medium with a lower one .

177
Q

lenses

A

refract light

the light is refracted twice as it passes from air to lens and from lens back to air.

178
Q

convex lens

A

converging!

179
Q

real image for lenses

A

on the opposite side of the lens from the original light source

180
Q

virtual image for lenses

A

on the same side of the lens as the original light source.

181
Q

power of lens

A

P = 1/f

positive for converging lens, negative for diverging lens

182
Q

concave lens

A

diverging!

183
Q

nearsighted people need

A

diverging lens

184
Q

farsighted people need

A

converging lens

185
Q

Spherical aberration

A

a blurring of the periphery of an image as a result of inadequate reflection of parallel beams at the edge of a mirror or inadequate refraction of parallel beams at the edge of a lens.

186
Q

Chromatic aberration

A

a dispersive effect within a spherical lens. Depending on the thickness and curvature of the lens, there may be significant splitting of white light, which results in a rainbow halo around images.

187
Q

diffraction

A

the spreading out of light as it passes through a narrow opening or around an obstacle.

188
Q

diffraction

A

the spreading out of light as it passes through a narrow opening or around an obstacle.

189
Q

interference

A

When waves interact with each other, the displacements of the waves add together

190
Q

XR diffraction

A

uses the bending of light rays to create a model of molecules. X-ray diffraction is often combined with protein crystallography during protein analysis.

191
Q

Plane-polarized light

A

light in which the electric fields of all the waves are oriented in the same direction (that is, their electric field vectors are parallel).

192
Q

Unpolarized light

A

has a random orientation of its electric field vectors; sunlight and light emitted from a light bulb are prime examples.

193
Q

photoelectric effect

A

When light of a sufficiently high frequency (typically, blue to ultraviolet light) is incident on a metal in a vacuum, the metal atoms emit electrons

194
Q

threshold frequency (fT)

A

The minimum frequency of light that causes ejection of electrons

195
Q

energy of photon

A
E = hf = hc/ λ
f = frequency of light 

The energy of a photon increases with increasing frequency

196
Q

maximum kinetic energy of the ejected electron

A

Kmax = hf - W

197
Q

work function

198
Q

fluorescence

A

If one excites a fluorescent substance (such as a ruby, an emerald, or the phosphors found in fluorescent lights) with ultraviolet radiation, it will begin to glow with visible light. Photons of ultraviolet light have relatively high frequen-cies (short wavelengths). After being excited to a higher energy state by ultraviolet radiation, the electron in the fluorescent substance returns to its original state in two or more steps. By returning in two or more steps, each step involves less energy, so at each step, a photon is emitted with a lower frequency (longer wavelength) than the absorbed ultraviolet photon. If the wavelength of this emitted photon is within the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum, it will be seen as light of the partic-ular color corresponding to that wavelength.

199
Q

mass defect

A

the difference between the sum of the masses of nucleons in the nucleus and the mass of the nucleus. results from the conversion of matter to energy

E = mc^2
m= mass
c= speed of light
200
Q

binding energy

A

the energy that holds nucleons in the nucleus

bonded systems is at lower energy than the unbounded constituents

201
Q

atomic number (Z)

A

corresponds to the number of protons in the nucleus

202
Q

mass number (A)

A

corresponds to the number of protons plus neutrons

203
Q

fusion

A

occurs when small nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus

204
Q

fission

A

a process by which a large nucleus splits into smaller nuclei; through the absorption of a low-energy neutron, fission can be induced in certain nuclei

205
Q

radioactive decay

A

a naturally occurring spontaneous decay of certain nuclei accompanied by the emission of specific particles.

206
Q

Isotope Decay Arithmetic

A

When balancing nuclear reactions, the sum of the atomic numbers must be the same on both sides of the equation, and the sum of the mass numbers must be the same on both sides as well.

207
Q

alpha decay

A

the emission of an α-particle, which is a 4/2He nucleus that consists of two protons, two neutrons, and zero electrons.
very massive compared to a beta particle and carries double the charge

the atomic number of the daughter nucleus will be two less than that of the parent nucleus, and the mass number will be four less.

208
Q

beta decay

A

the emission of a β-particle, which is an electron and is given the symbol e-or β-, more penetrating than alpha radiation.

a neutron is converted into a proton and a β–particle (Z = -1, A = 0) is emitted. Hence, the atomic number of the daughter nucleus will be one higher than that of the parent nucleus, and the mass number will not change.

209
Q

positron emission

A

a positron is released, which has the mass of an electron but carries a positive charge. The positron is given the symbol e+ or β+.

a proton is converted into a neutron and a β+-particle (Z = +1, A = 0) is emitted. Hence, the atomic number of the daughter nucleus will be one lower than that of the parent nucleus, and the mass number will not change.

210
Q

gamma decay

A

the emission of γ-rays, which are high-energy (high-frequency) photons. They carry no charge and simply lower the energy of the parent nucleus without changing the mass number or the atomic number.

211
Q

electron capture

A

Certain unstable radionuclides are capable of capturing an inner electron that combines with a proton to form a neutron, while releasing a neutrino. The atomic number is now one less than the original but the mass number remains the same; a rare process that is perhaps best thought of as the reverse of β-decay

212
Q

half life

A

the time it takes for half of the sample to decay. In each subsequent half-life, one-half of the remaining sample decays so that the remaining amount asymptotically approaches zero.

213
Q

exponential decay

A

n = n0e^-λt

214
Q

13^2

215
Q

14^2

216
Q

15^2

217
Q

16^2

218
Q

17^2

219
Q

18^2

220
Q

19^2

221
Q

20^2

222
Q

√2

223
Q

√3

224
Q

Log 1

225
Q

Log a A

226
Q

Log A x B

A

= log A + log B

227
Q

Log A ^ B

228
Q

log 1/A

229
Q

log 10

230
Q

log ( n x 10^m)

231
Q

sin

A

opposite / hypotenuse

232
Q

cosine

A

adjacent / hypotenuse

233
Q

tangent

A

opposite/ adjacent

234
Q

sin 0 and 180 degrees

235
Q

cos 0 degrees

236
Q

tan 0 and 180 degrees

237
Q

F to C

A

F = 9/5 C + 32