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BMAT Section 2 > Physics > Flashcards

Physics Flashcards

1
Q

Define current

A

The rate of flow of charge, measured in amperes (A) and assigned I as its symbol

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2
Q

Define potential difference

A

The driving force that move charge around a circuit, measured in Volts (V) and assigned symbol V

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3
Q

Define resistance

A

Anything that sows the flow of charge, measured in Ohms ( Ω ), assigned the symbol R

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4
Q

Current through a component depends on 2 things

A
  1. The components resistance (greater resistance = smaller current)
  2. The potential difference across the component (greater pd = larger current given a fixed resistance)
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5
Q

Size of current is the same as…

A

Rate of flow of charge

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6
Q

Charge (Coulombs, C) =

A

Current (A) x Time (s)

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7
Q

Potential difference (V) =

A

Current (A) x Resistance ( Ω )

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8
Q

Ohmic conductor (resistor at a constant temperature) I/V graph

A

Linear - as current will be directly proportional to charge - which means resistance doesn’t change

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9
Q

Filament lamp I/V graph

A

Current increases so temperature of filament increases which means resistance increases - S shaped graph

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10
Q

Diode I/V graph

A

High resistance in one direction, so current only flows in a single direction - gives a grapy of y = 2^x shape

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11
Q

LDR resistance depends on

A

Light intensity

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12
Q

LDRs have a lower resistance in

A

brighter light

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13
Q

Where are LDRs used?

A

Automatic night lights

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14
Q

Thermistor resistance depends on

A

Temperature

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15
Q

Thermistors have a lower resistance in

A

Hotter temperatures

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16
Q

Thermistors are used in

A

Thermostats

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17
Q

Current in series

A

The same EVERYWHERE so I1 = I2

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18
Q

Voltage in series circuits

A

Is shared between each component Vtot = V1 + V2

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19
Q

Resistance in series circuits

A

Total resistance of components is the sum of their resistances Rtot = R1 + R2

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20
Q

Current in parallel circuits

A

Sum of currents through each branch Itot = I1 + I2

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21
Q

Adding a resistor in series…

A

Increases the total resistance of the circuit

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22
Q

Voltage in parallel circuits

A

Is the same as the source of voltage V1 = V2 = Vtot

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23
Q

Resistance in parallel

A

Total parallel resistance is less than the resistance of the smallest resistor

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24
Q

Adding a resistor in parallel…

A

Decreases the total resistance of the circuit

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25
Q

Alternating current

A

Current that constantly changes direction and is produced by an alternating voltage - mains supply

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26
Q

Direct current

A

Current that always flows in the same direction - supplied by batteries

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27
Q

UK mains systems

A

AC supply, frequency of 50Hz and voltage around 230V

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28
Q

Electric shocks

A

A large potential difference is produced across the body which causes current to flow across the body

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29
Q

Energy transferred (J)

A

Charge flow (Q(Coulombs)) x Voltage (V)

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30
Q

Amount of energy an appliance transfers depends on

A

An appliance’s power and how long an appliance is on for

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31
Q

Energy transferred (J)

A

Power (W) x time (s)

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32
Q

Power is the…

A

Energy transferred per second

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33
Q

Power rating is the…

A

Maximum safe power an appliance can operate at

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34
Q

Power (W)

A

Current (A) x Voltage (V)

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35
Q

Power (W) =

A

Current ^2 (A) x Resistance ( Ω )

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36
Q

Transformers

A

Step up - increase resistance

Step down - decrease resistance

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37
Q

Why is transferring at a high current not efficient?

A

There would be a lot of energy to the thermal energy stores of the surroundings

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38
Q

How does something become charged?

A

Rubbing two insulating materials together to move electrons from one to the other which means both materials become electrically charged - charge will be equal and opposite. Only electrons move, positive charges don’t

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39
Q

When do electric sparks occur?

A

Electric charge builds on an object which builds a p.d. between the object and the earth (which is at 0V) increases, when p.d. is big enough there is a spark

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40
Q

Electric fields around charged spheres

A

Carries from positive to negative

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41
Q

When field lines are close together…

A

The field is stronger

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42
Q

How do charged objects exert forces on each other in a electric field

A

They either attract or repel each other (non-contact force)

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43
Q

How is an alternating current generated?

A

Rotating generators to constantly change current direction

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44
Q

Current = (given charge and time)

A

Charge (C)/ Time (s)

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45
Q

NTC =

A

Negative temperature coefficient thermistor - non-linear resistors that alter resistance with temperature

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46
Q

Ideal diode

A

Allows current to flow in one way but not the other

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47
Q

Energy transfer (J, symbol Q) =

A

Current (I) x Time (s) x Voltage (V)

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48
Q

Magnetic field lines

A

Flow from north to south

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49
Q

What is a soft magnetic material?

A

Iron/ iron-nickel alloy - are easily magnetised/ demagnetised

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50
Q

Hard magnetic materials

A

Tungsten steel/ chromium steel - retain magnetism for long periods of time

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51
Q

What is induced magnetism?

A

Magnetic material placed in the field of a magnet - does not retain magnetism out of field

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52
Q

Define the electromagnetic effect?

A

A current carrying wire produces a magnetic field, noticed by the points of a compass (Right hand thumb rule)

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53
Q

What is an electromagnet?

A

A soft metal core made into a magnet by the passage of electric current through a coil surrounding it

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54
Q

What 3 things affect the strength of an electromagnet?

A

Strength of the core material (iron core is best), strength of the current and number of turns of the wire

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55
Q

The motor effect

A

A wire carrying a current in a magnetic field experiences a force

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56
Q

What is the left hand rule?

A

Force (thumb) Magnetic field (index) and current (middle finger)

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57
Q

What does the direction of a force depend on?

A

Direction of magnetic field and direction of the current

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58
Q

What factors can increase the magnitude of a force felt by a wire carrying a current?

A

Increasing the magnetic field strength, increasing wire length and increasing the current in a wire

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59
Q

Force (N) =

A

B (magnetic field strength in N/Am or T) x I (current) x Length (m)

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60
Q

How do electric D.C. motors work?

A

A force on a conductor in a magnetic field causes rotation in motors

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60
Q

How do electric D.C. motors work? (dynamo)

A

A force on a conductor in a magnetic field causes rotation in motors

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61
Q

How is the force on a conductor in a motor increased?

A

More coils on the wire, increased current, stronger magnet and reduced friction

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62
Q

What are electromagnets used in?

A

Motors, generators, electric bells, loudspeakers and headphones

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63
Q

How can you induce a voltage in a wire?

A

Using a changing magnetic field or by moving the wire in a magnetic field will induce a current to flow

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64
Q

How does an A.C. generator work? (alternator)

A

As the coil rotates, the p.d. is induced and the alternating current is produced

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65
Q

What is a split ring commutator?

A

Ring that constantly alters the direction of the flow of current - ensures spin on a dynamo

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66
Q

What does a current/ time graph look like for an alternator?

A

A transverse wave

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67
Q

What does a current/ time graph look like for a dynamo?

A

Camel humps

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68
Q

Applications of electromagnetic induction

A

Microphones - diagram over a permanent coil that moves from air pressure and in loudspeakers - similar to microphones

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69
Q

Vp / Vs =

A

Np / Ns

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70
Q

How does a transformer work?

A

A changing magnetic field induces a changing potential difference in the 2nd coil

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71
Q

If a transformer results in 100% total transfer of electrical power, what equation does it result in?

A

As P = IV, the following is formed: Vp x Ip = Vs x Is

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72
Q

What does voltage measure?

A

Measures the energy transferred by each Coulomb of charge that flows through a wire

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73
Q

Even though some power is lost to heat in transformers, the power to the primary coil must…

A

The power supplied to the second (Law of the conservation of energy)

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74
Q

A higher voltage on a transformer means

A

More efficient transfer

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75
Q

Scalar and vector

A

Single and double magnitude measurements respectively

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76
Q

Displacement

A

Distance travelled as the crow flies

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77
Q

Velocity

A

Speed in a given direction

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78
Q

Speed =

A

Distance (m) / Time (s)

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79
Q

Velocity

A

Change in displacement (m) / Time (s)

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80
Q

Acceleration =

A

Change in velocity (m/s) / Time (s)

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81
Q

In a distance time graph what does the gradient of the line equal?

A

Speed

82
Q

In a distance time graph what does a horizontal line mean?

A

Stationary

83
Q

In a distance time graph what does a straight slope equal?

A

Constant speed

84
Q

In a displacement time graph what does the gradient equal?

A

Velocity

85
Q

In a displacement time graph what does a horizontal line mean?

A

Stationary

86
Q

In a velocity time graph how do you calculate the displacement?

A

Area under the graph

87
Q

In a velocity time graph what does a horizontal line mean?

A

Constant velocity

88
Q

In a velocity time graph what does a straight slope mean (upwards or downwards)?

A

Constant acceleration/ deceleration

89
Q

V^2 - U^2 =

A 
2as
V = final velocity (m/s)
U = initial velocity (m/s)
a = acceleration (m/s^2)
s = displacement (m)
90
Q

Weight is the

A

Force of gravity of an object

91
Q

Normal contact force =

A

Force exerted upon an object when in contact with another stable object (perpendicular to the surface)

92
Q

Drag force

A

Resistance caused by motion of a body through a fluid that opposes the direction of oncoming flow (air resistance)

93
Q

Friction

A

Force between 2 sliding surfaces

94
Q

Magnetic force

A

Attraction/ repulsion of electrically charged molecules

95
Q

Electrostatic force

A

Attraction/ repulsion based on electric charge

96
Q

Thrust

A

Push force that causes acceleration in one direction

97
Q

Upthrust

A

Resultant upwards force from complete/ partial submersion where the base has a greater pressure

98
Q

Lift

A

Component force in a liquid that is perpendicular to the oncoming direction of flow

99
Q

Tension

A

Pulling force that is transmitted axially by chain/ rope

100
Q

How to calculate the magnitude and direction of a force?

A

Net force (opposites minus) and the strength of any force in an alternate direction

101
Q

What do unbalanced arrows on a force diagram mean?

A

Unbalanced forces

102
Q

Net force =

A

All forces acting on an object

103
Q

Force / extension for a rubber band =

A

Non-linear as shape alters but not constantly

104
Q

Force / extension graph for a rubber band

A

Non linear as stretch isn’t constant

105
Q

Force / extension graph for a spring

A

Linear initially but once force is too great the shape is changed permanently so becomes non-linear

106
Q

Elastic extension

A

Changes shape under force but returns to original when the force is removed

107
Q

Inelastic extension

A

Permanently changed in shape under movement of a force

108
Q

Hooke’s Law equation

A

Force = K (x)

K = spring constant (N/m)
x = extension (m)
109
Q

Hooke’s Law written

A

Strain in a solid is directly proportional to the applied stress within the elastic limit of the solid

110
Q

Energy transferred in stretching (J - same as work done) =

A

1/2 K x^2

K = Spring constant (N/m)
x = Extension (m)
111
Q

Energy transferred in stretching given only force and extension (J) =

A

1/2 F x

when F is the force applied in N, and x is the extension in m

112
Q

Newton’s 1st Law =

A

A body will remain at rest of in a state of uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by a resultant external force

113
Q

Main property of mass

A

Resists change in motion (inertia)

114
Q

Newton’s 2nd Law

A

Force (N) = Mass (Kg) x Acceleration (m/s^2)

115
Q

Newton’s 3rd Law

A

If Body A exerts a force on Body B, then Body B exerts an equal and opposite force of the same type on Body A

116
Q

Gravitational field strength on Earth?

A

10 N/ Kg

117
Q

Weight =

A

Mass (Kg) x Gravitational field strength (N/ Kg)

118
Q

What factors affect air resistance?

A 
Mass (higher with a higher mass), 
Surface area (more room for the working of air resistance) and acceleration due to gravity (works to balance to frictional force over time)
119
Q

Momentum (Kg m/s) =

A

Mass (Kg) x Velocity (m/s)

120
Q

Law of the conservation of momentum

A

Momentum of an isolated incident must remain constant, so momentum is conserved over time and not created or destroyed

121
Q

Force is also equal to the rate of change of momentum according to Newton’s 2nd Law - this gives what equation

A

Force (N) = (Mass (Kg) x Change in velocity (m/s)) / Change in time (s)

122
Q

Work done =

A

Force (N) x distance moved in direction of force (m)

123
Q

1J of work is done when…

A

1N of force causes movement by 1m - so work done can be measured in Nm

124
Q

GPE (J) =

A

Mass (kg) x Gravitational field strength (N/Kg) x Height (m)

125
Q

Kinetic energy (J) =

A

1/2 mass (Kg) x Velocity ^2 (m/s)

126
Q

Power (W) =

A

Energy transferred (J) / Time (s)

127
Q

Law of the conservation of energy

A

Total energy of an isolated system remains constant, so is conserved over time

128
Q

Useful vs Wasted energy

A

Can/ cannot be usefully transformed for a respective use

129
Q

Percentage efficiency =

A

(Useful output / total input) x 100 (given the same units)

130
Q

What 4 factors affect the rate of conduction?

A

Temperature difference (bigger = higher rate), cross sectional area, length and time

131
Q

What happens when a liquid is heated?

A

The molecule movement speeds up, sending them further apart, occupying a higher volume which lowers the density

132
Q

What causes heated particles in a fluid to flow?

A

Convection - a result of temperature and density variations

133
Q

What is thermal radiation?

A

Electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of particles in matter

134
Q

Specific heat capacity definition

A

The energy (heat) required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a usually one degree Celsius

135
Q

Specific heat capacity (J /kg C or K) =

A

Thermal energy (J) / Mass (Kg) x Temperature change (C or K)

This equation is the same as Q = mc∆t - where Q is the symbol for heat transfer, m is mass, c is SHC and t is time

136
Q

Ideal gas behaviour

A

Random moving particles not subject to inter-particular interactions

137
Q

Pressure on a gas volume

A

Constant for an ideal gas if kept at isothermal conditions

138
Q

Latent heat of fusion

A

Enthalpy change resulting from providing energy, typically heat, to a specific quantity of substance to change its state from solid to liquid at a constant pressure

139
Q

Latent heat of vaporisation

A

Amount of energy added to a liquid substance to form a gas

140
Q

Density (g/cm^3) =

A

Mass (Kg) / Volume (cm^3)

141
Q

Pressure (Pa or N/m^2) =

A

Force (N) / Area (m^2)

142
Q

Hydrostatic pressure (N/m^2) =

A

Height (m) x Density (Kg/m^3 or g/cm^3) x Gravity (N)

143
Q

How do waves transfer energy?

A

Without the net movement of water, disturbance causes the energy transfer

144
Q

Transverse movement

A

Movement is perpendicular to the movement of energy

145
Q

Longitudinal movement

A

Parallel to the movement of the wave

146
Q

Compression and rarefaction

A

Close and loose packing respectively

147
Q

Frequency

A

Number of waves per point per unit time

148
Q

Period definition

A

Time for 1 particle on a medium to make 1 complete vibration per cycle

149
Q

Frequency (Hz) =

A

1/ Period (s)

150
Q

WaveSpeed =

A

Distance/ Time

151
Q

Wavespeed (m/s) =

A

Frequency (Hz) x Wavelength (m)

152
Q

Law of reflection

A

Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection

153
Q

Specular and diffuse reflection

A

Flat surfaces and rough respectively

154
Q

Refraction at a boundary

A

Change of wave direction the result of changed density

155
Q

Wave speed from less to more dense

A

Slows down - so bends towards the normal

156
Q

What property of waves is constant at a boundary?

A

FREQUENCY

157
Q

What value is constant with regards to light?

A

Speed at 330 m/s

158
Q

What happens to wavespeed from deep to shallow water?

A

Slows down towards normal with a shorter wavelength

159
Q

What is the Doppler effect?

A

Change in the frequency of a wave in relation to an observer moving relating to the wave source.

Receding - Redshifted so lower frequency but longer wavelength
Approaching - Blueshift so higher frequency and smaller wavelength

160
Q

Plane mirror ray diagram requirements

A

Upright and laterally inverted, same height object, as far behind as in front and virtual image

161
Q

Vibrations release…

A

A sound wave

162
Q

Can sound waves travel in a vacuum?

A

No - no particles to transfer energy

163
Q

Larger amplitude =

A

Higher sound

164
Q

Larger pitch =

A

Smaller frequency (no affect on volume)

165
Q

Frequency is the same as

A

Pitch

166
Q

Human hearing range

A

20Hz to 20,000Hz

167
Q

Ultrasound definition

A

Sound waves released and a picture built up from the time taken to travel - used in sonar and medical imaging

168
Q

Are EM waves transverse?

A

Yes - and travel at the CONSTANT speed of light in a vacuum

169
Q

Order of EM waves from lowest frequency to highest

A

Radio, micro, IR, visible, UV, X-Rays and Gamma

170
Q

Radio wave properties

A

Used in broadcasting and communications, can travel very long distances and are reflected off the upper atmosphere - Lowest energies, lowest frequencies with the longest wavelength

171
Q

Microwave uses

A

Cooking food, can penetrate the atmosphere

172
Q

Infrared uses

A

Heater and night vision equipment and television remote controls

173
Q

Visible light uses

A

Human vision, photography and optical fibres

174
Q

Ultraviolet use

A

Fluorescent lamps

175
Q

X-Ray uses

A

Medical equipment, view internal structures (absorbed by more dense tissues)

176
Q

Gamma ray uses

A

Sterilising food and medical equipment - Highly penetrative - Highest energy, highest frequency and shortest wavelength

177
Q

Mnemonic for EM waves

A

Roman Men Invented Very Unusual X-Ray Guns

178
Q

Hazards of EM waves

A 
Microwaves - Internal heating of body tissues
Infrared - Heat/ burning
UV - Mutations causing cancer/ blindness
X-Rays - Mutations and cell death
Gamma rays - Mutations and cell death
179
Q

Atomic number =

A

Proton number

180
Q

Mass number =

A

Proton + neutron number

181
Q

2 main features of radioactive emission

A

Emissions are from an unstable nucleus and random

182
Q

Alpha emission

A

Emits a helium nucleus (^4/2 He)

183
Q

Beta emission

A

Emits one electron

184
Q

Gamma emission

A

No change - just a ray

185
Q

What does Beta emission do to mass number?

A

+1

186
Q

Alpha decay penetrating power and ionisation?

A

Low penetrating (stopped by paper) and highly ionising

187
Q

Beta decay penetrating power and ionisation?

A

Medium penetrating (stopped by a layer of aluminium) and medium ionising

188
Q

Gamma decay penetrating power and ionisation?

A

Very penetrating (stopped by a block of lead only) and weakly ionising

189
Q

What decay can be reflected by electric fields?

A

Alpha and Beta because they are both charged (Gamma isn’t)

190
Q

How do Alpha and Beta behave in a magnetic/ electric field?

A

They experience a deflecting force - if not, they move in parallel motion

191
Q

Sources of background radiation

A

Cosmic rays, rocks, radon gas, animals, medical uses and buildings

192
Q

Radioactivity hazards inside the body

A

Alpha very dangerous as absorbed by cells, beta and gamma low risk as the pass right through

193
Q

Radioactivity hazards outside the body

A

Alpha doesn’t reach cells, beta and gamma penetrate and mutate cells

194
Q

Half life graph

A

Activity/ time and demonstrate the RANDOM decay of a material - show how long taken for % of atomic nuclei in a substance to emit spontaneously

195
Q

How to calculate number of half lives?

A

(1/2)^n

196
Q

What do all conductors have?

A

At least some resistance

197
Q

What does a neutron change into in Beta emission?

A

Proton

198
Q

When is there not always an induced current in a conductor which is experiencing a change in
magnetic field?

A

When the conductor is not part of a complete circuit

199
Q

What is red shift?

A

Further away = longer wavelength and faster moving = redshifted

200
Q

Do sounds travel faster or slower in a solid?

A

Faster - closeness of particles

201
Q

What doesn’t change when medium changes?

A

Frequency - waves cannot be created or destroyed

202
Q

Regarding a gear what is radius directly proportional to

A

Turning force transmitted

BMAT Section 2 (4 decks)

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