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geography > physical - water cycle > Flashcards

physical - water cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

the atmosphere

A

GASES

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2
Q

water

A

the HYDROSPHERE

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3
Q

what system makes up the earths make up?

A

the GEOSPHERE

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4
Q

what is the difference between an open and closed system?

A

in an open system objects can move from one system to another where as in a closed system outputs are recycled back into the system

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5
Q

what ate the flows/transfers in the water cycle ?

A
  • photosynthesis
  • infiltration
  • transpiration
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6
Q

an example of a closed system

A

the water cycle

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7
Q

an example of an open system

A

a drainage basin

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8
Q

what is POSITIVE feedback

A

the effect of an action are increased or multiplied by subsequent or secondary knock on effects

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9
Q

what is NEGATIVE feedback

A

where the effects of an action are reduced or stopped by its subsequent knock on effects

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10
Q

how much of the earths surface is covered by water?

A

70%

1.36 billion cubic kilometres

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11
Q

what is needed in order for clouds to form ?

A

CONDENSATION NUCLEI

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12
Q

how do clouds form?

A
  • water evaporates
  • warm air rises
  • cools and condenses
  • dew point
  • condensation nuclei
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13
Q

what is the largest water store?

A

the HYDROSPHERE
- oceans
accounts for approximately 90% of the water entering the water cycle

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14
Q

what water stores make up the cryospshere ?

A
  • permafrost
  • ice caps
  • ice shelves
  • sea ice
  • glaciers
  • ice bergs
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15
Q

what is an aquifer? and the two types ?

A

a large quantity of water stored underground

  • unconfined = can be infiltrated from the surface and pumped out
  • confined = has a layer of non permeable rock
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16
Q

where is 30% of fresh water stored ?

A

in aquifers

17
Q

what is the soil water budget ?

A

capacity to store and transfer water

18
Q

what is the water table ?

A

the upper level of saturated rock which rises and falls in response to ground water flow

19
Q

how is climate change effecting the glacial budget?

A

ablation is greater than accumulation

20
Q

what is the albedo effect ?

A

light surfaces reflect more heat than dark ones

- snow

21
Q

what does ITCZ stand for ?

A

inter tropical convergence zone

22
Q

what is capillary action?

A

where hydrogen bonds draw water up to the surface of the soil

23
Q

what factor affect river discharge ?

A 
- land use
mining/ logging/ urbanisation
- geology 
permeability of rocks 
- obstruction of water 
deforestation ~ less interception
- farming
24
Q

how does seasonal change effect a rivers discharge ?

A

in periods of warm weather, more evaporation takes place which decreases the rivers discharge

25
Q

what is antecedent rainfall?

A

previous rainfall that has already saturated the ground

26
Q

what shows a rivers response to a storm ?

A

a flood hydro graph

27
Q

what does the rising limb show ?

A

the steeper it is the faster the response to rainfall

28
Q

what shows a decrease in river discharge on a hydro graph?

A

the falling limb

29
Q

what is the lag time?

A

the period between maximum precipitation and peak discharge

30
Q

what is el nino ?

A

an event that occurs every 6-8 years
causes a movement of warm water to south america and a reduction of cold coastal upwellings in south America
leads to wetter conditions in parts of the US (Florida) and drier in other parts (Ohio) and East Africa

31
Q

what were some effects of the 2015/2016 el nino?

A

150 000 people evacuated in latin america due to flooding and 180 000 due to drought

32
Q

what are some anthropogenic reasons for change in a water cycle?

A

farming
deforestation
water abstraction
land use change `

33
Q

what are some natural reasons for changes in a water cycle ?

A

storm events
extreme weather
seasonal change
el nino

34
Q

what is the green belt?

A

in order to prevent desertification in sub Saharan Africa which threatens 100 million people there is plans to create a belt of trees which will be 15km wide and 7,700km long with the ability to absorb 250 million tonnes of carbon

geography (3 decks)

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