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CSET Subtest II Science > Physical Sciences > Flashcards

Physical Sciences Flashcards

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1
Q

Anything that has mass and occupies space

A

Matter

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2
Q

Characterized by their ability to retain their shape. They melt when heated and vaporize only slightly. All substances become ______ if cooled sufficiently.

A

Solids

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3
Q

These take the shape of their containers, yet cannot be compressed to any significant extent. Their volume is constant unless evaporation is occurring. They crystallize when chilled sufficiently; heat causes them to vaporize.

A

Liquids

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4
Q

They expand to fill any available space. A compressible fluid, with the volume determined by the pressure and temperature of the environment. The volume varies inversely with pressure.

A

Gases

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5
Q

The law stating that the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure. If the pressure increases, the volume decreases (the opposite is also true)

A

Boyle’s Law

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6
Q

________ makes it possible for some elements and compounds to transform from a solid to a gas phase without becoming a liquid (I.e. Dry ice turning into a gas at room temperature)

A

Sublimination

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7
Q

Some gases can turn directly into a solid (e.g. The formation of frost)

A

Deposition

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8
Q

The amount of matter in a chemical substance

A

Mass

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9
Q

Divide mass by volume

A

Density. D=m/v

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10
Q

Various properties of matter in the solid phase that give it a high resistance to its shape-changing when force is applied

A

Hardness

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11
Q

Resistance to fracture or plastic (permanent) deformation due to friction from a sharp object

A

Scratch hardness

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12
Q

Resistance to plastic (permanent) deformation due to a constant load from a sharp object

A

Indentation hardness

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13
Q

Height of the bounce of an object dropped on the material, related to elasticity.

A

Rebound hardness

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14
Q

This scale is used to rate minerals 1-10 on hardness. (1=talc 10=diamond)

A

Moh’s scale of hardness

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15
Q

Characteristics that make up physical composition of a substance. (I.e. Color, form, electrical conductivity, density)

A

Physical properties

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16
Q

When water changes from a gas (vapor) to a liquid (water) to a solid (ice), but the molecules themselves do not change.

A

Physical change

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17
Q

When a substance changes into something else/whenever compounds are formed or decomposed. Usually not reversible. (I.e. Formation of rust)

A

Chemical change

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18
Q

__________ show the number of molecules or formula units of the reactants and products.

A

Chemical reaction

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19
Q

These subatomic particles have a negative charge and are attracted to positively charged protons (this attraction keeps them in orbit around the nucleus)

A

Electrons

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20
Q

These are composed of only one atom and cannot be separated into different substances except in some instances by radioactive decay or by nuclear reactions

A

Chemical elements

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21
Q

This number is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of their atoms

A

Atomic number

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22
Q

The sum of protons and neutrons

A

Atomic mass

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23
Q

The chemical combination of two or more elements

A

Compounds

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24
Q

This chart arranges all the elements from left to right and top to bottom in order of increasing atomic number and generally coincide with their increasing atomic mass.

A

The periodic table of elements

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25
Q

Number of total known elements

A

117 elements

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26
Q

Number of naturally occurring elements (the rest are synthetic)

A

94

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27
Q

The measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Not an absolute scale.

A

The pH scale

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28
Q

Solutions with a pH scale less than 7.0

A

Acidic

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29
Q

Solutions with a pH greater than 7.0

A

Basic or alkaline

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30
Q

A water soluble mixture of different dyes extracted from lichens, used to test materials for acidity

A

Litmus

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31
Q

This paper turns red under acidic conditions

A

Blue litmus paper

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32
Q

This paper turns blue under acidic conditions

A

Red litmus paper

33
Q

A substance made by combining two or more different materials without a chemical reaction occurring

A

Mixture

34
Q

True or false: mixtures can usually be separated into their original components by mechanical means

A

True

35
Q

The beginning of scientific wisdom.

A

Measurement

36
Q

An expression of large numbers, easily written where N is a number between 1 and 10 and P is a power of 10

A

Scientific notation

37
Q

The rate of change of position with time

A

Velocity. V=change in distance/change of time

38
Q

The rate of change of velocity with time

A

Acceleration

39
Q

Law that states “without outside forces a stationary object will never move; without outside forces, an object in motion will never stop or deviate from its course”

A

Newton’s first law of motion - “the law of inertia”

40
Q

Law that states “the more force, the more acceleration”

A

Newton’s second law of motion

41
Q

Law that states “for every action (applied force) there is an equal and opposite reaction”

A

Newton’s third law of motion

42
Q

A natural phenomenon by which objects with mass attract one another

A

Gravitation

43
Q

Refers specifically to the gravitational force exerted by the earth on objects in its vicinity

A

Gravity

44
Q

Like poles repel each other, either pole can attract unmagnetized iron objects

A

Magnetism

45
Q

True or false: there is no relationship between electricity and magnetism

A

False. An electric current generates a magnetic field; there is an intimate relationship between electricity and magnetism

46
Q

A mechanical device that changes the direction or magnitude of a force; mechanisms that use mechanical advantage (aka leverage) to apply force

A

Simple machine

47
Q

The ratio of the output to input force

A

Mechanical advantage

48
Q

A rigid object that is used with an appropriate fulcrum or pivot point to multiply the mechanical force that can be applied to another object (I.e. Wheel barrow)

A

Lever

49
Q

Mechanism composed of a wheel (called a sheave) with a groove between two flanges around the wheel’s circumference. A rope, cable, for belt usually runs inside the groove (used to change direction of applied force, transmit rotational motion, or realize a mechanical advantage in either s linear of a rotational system of motion)

A

Pulley

50
Q

A flat surface whose end points are at different heights, resulting in a slope. The distance traveled is increased, but amount of required force decreases; allows the same work to be done with a smaller force exerted over a greater distance.

A

Inclined plane

51
Q

Solar, chemical, electrical, magnetic, nuclear, sound, light, and electromagnetic

A

Forms of energy

52
Q

The ability to perform work, to move objects

A

Energy

53
Q

The energy possessed by a moving object

A

Kinetic energy

54
Q

An object in an unstable position has __________.

A

Potential energy

55
Q

A form of energy that can be used to produce sound, light, heat, and power. Exists when the number of negative electrons does not equal the number of positive protons

A

Electricity

56
Q

A flow of electrons through a wire

A

Electric current

57
Q

The path an electric current flows. If a path is broken and there are not alternative paths for the electrons to follow, the electrons will not move. These make it possible for electric energy to operate a vast range of technology

A

Electric circuit

58
Q

This results when electrical charges build up or increase on the surface of a material (I.e. Lightening)

A

Static electricity

59
Q

Consists of two different means: fission and fusion

A

Nuclear energy

60
Q

Releases energy when a heavy nucleus splits into smaller fragments. Used in power plants and nuclear bombs.

A

Nuclear fission

61
Q

Yields energy when very light nuclei unite to a heavier nucleus (I.e. Stars derive their energy from this)

A

Nuclear fusion

62
Q

A temperature measurement system where waters freezing point is at 0 degrees, and the boiling point is at 100 degrees

A

Celsius

63
Q

Temperature scale that measures waters freezing point at 32 degrees and boiling point at 212 degrees.

A

Fahrenheit

64
Q

The temperature in which Fahrenheit and Celsius scales coincide

A

-40 degrees.

65
Q

Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit

A

F=(9/5)C+32

66
Q

Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius

A

C=5/9(F-32)

67
Q

Tends to move from a high temperature region to a low temperature region. May occur by the mechanisms of conduction, radiation, and convection.

A

Heat

68
Q

The spontaneous transfer of thermal energy through matter, from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature

A

Heat or “thermal” conduction

69
Q

The electromagnetic radiation emitted from the surface of an object, which is due to the objects temperature
- generated when heat from the movement of charged particles within atoms is converted to electromagnetic radiation

A

Thermal radiation

70
Q

Occurs when hot air is less dense than cool air and therefore rises
-heat can be transferred by the circulation of fluids due to buoyancy from changes in density (I.e. Upward flow of air due to a fire or hot object)

A

Convection

71
Q

An electric current passes through a thin filament, heating it until it produces light. The enclosing glass bulb prevents the oxygen in the air from reaching the hot filament, which otherwise would be destroyed rapidly by oxidation

A

Incandescent light bulb (also called electric lamps)

72
Q

A gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite Mercury vapor. The excited Mercury atoms produce short wave ultra violet light that then causes a phosphor to fluoresce, producing visible light.

A

Fluorescent lamp (or fluorescent tube)

73
Q

Explains why a objects appear bent as light passes from one transparent object to another. Responsible for rainbows!

A

Refraction

74
Q

Refraction occurs when light waves travel from a medium with a given refractive index to a medium with another index. (E.g. A ray of light will refract as it enters and leaves glass)

A

Optics

75
Q

This law says that for smooth surfaces, the angle at which light is incident on the surface equals the angle at which it is reflected.

A

Law of reflection

76
Q

Energy generated from natural sources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat. They are naturally replenished.

A

Renewable energy

77
Q

Energy taken from finite resources that will eventually dwindle such as fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, and natural gases

A

Non renewable energy

78
Q

Contribute to global warming. When burned, they release trapped energy in the form of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. (May also contribute to acid rain)

A

Fossil fuels

79
Q

The branches of natural sciences that study those nature and properties of energy and non living matter

A

Physical sciences

CSET Subtest II Science (3 decks)

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