Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CSET Subtest II Science > Life Science > Flashcards

Life Science Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

These plants lack true roots, stems, and leaves.

  • range from single cell to seaweed
  • mostly inhabit lakes and oceans
  • fungi; molds, yeasts, mushrooms
A

Algae and fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Two different organisms (fungi and algae), living together symbiotically

A

Lichens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

These plants lack chlorophyll and thus cannot manufacture food; they are either parasites or saprophytes

A

Fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

These plants lack seeds and reproduce by means of spores. They do have stems, roots, and leaves. Spores develop into a new plant without fertilization

A

Ferns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cone-bearing plants (including pines) with seeds exposed on cone scales

A

Gymnosperms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Flowering plants that bear their seeds within fruits

A

Angiosperms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Develops into a seed after plant reproduction. In seed plants, it is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells.
-in flowering plants, it is located in the actual flower, the part of the carpel known as the ovary (which becomes the fruit)

A

Ovule (plant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The plant equivalent of the umbilical cord

A

Funinculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A metabolic pathway that converts light energy into chemical energy. Plants use the energy from the sunlight to convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, plus water, to simple sugars.

A

Photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A green colored magnesium containing pigment, essential to photosynthesis

A

Chlorophyll

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The smallest amount of living matter; the unit of structure and function for all organisms

A

The cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Semi permeable part of the cell that allows some substances to pass while excluding others

A

Cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Main material within a cell, varies in consistency from a fluid to a semi solid. Consists of functional bodies such as centrosome, ribosomes, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, and vacuoles. (Also plastids in plants)

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The organelle that contains the cells DNA and is the control center of the cell

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The organelle in which amino acids are hooked together to make proteins

A

Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The organelle that breaks down food molecules to make Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). “The powerhouse of the cell”. Involved in signaling, cellular division, differentiation, and cell death

A

Mitochondrion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The organelle that processes and transports proteins and other materials out of the cell

A

Golgi complex (Golgi Bodies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Bodies with chlorophyll that carry out photosynthesis in plant cells

A

Plastids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The breaking down of chemicals in the body into a form that can be absorbed; also the process by which the body breaks down chemicals into smaller components that can be digested by the blood stream.

A

Digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Converted into various sugars by the action of several enzymes (including saliva and ptyalin)

A

Carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Transformed into glycerol and fatty acids by the combined action of bile from the liver and the enzyme lipase from the pancreas

A

Fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Are broken apart to their constituent amino acids

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Millions of projections lining the small intestine that absorb the final products of digestion (sugars, glycerol, fatty acids, amino acids)

A

Villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Here digestion occurs where food is broken down mechanically and chemically by churning and mixing the food with enzymes

A

Stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Area where the majority of digestion and absorption occur

A

Small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where absorption occurs in digestion

A

The stomach and gastro-intestinal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

An organ system that moves nutrients, gases, and wastes to and from cells, helps fight diseases, and stabilizes body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis. Composed of the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system.

A

Circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Humans have a _________ cardiovascular system, that is, the blood never leaves the network of arteries, veins, and capillaries.

A

Closed cardiovascular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The main components of the human circulatory system

A

Heart, blood, and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The circulatory system includes ___________ circulation, a loop through the rest of the body to provide oxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The average adult contains ________ quarts of blood

A

5 to 6 quarts of blood (4.7-5.7 liters)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the four components of blood

A

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How does the digestive system work with the circulatory system?

A

The digestive system works with the circulatory system to provide the nutrients the system needs to keep the heart pumping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

In blood, these transport oxygen in combination with the iron pigment hemoglobin

A

Red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

In blood, these cells fight infection

A

White blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

In blood, these initiate the clotting necessary to stop bleeding after a wound

A

Platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

In blood, this dissolves nutrients, wastes, hormones, antibodies, and enzymes

A

Plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Components of the lymphatic system

A

The lymph, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What two systems collectively make the circulatory system?

A

The cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The heart pumps _________ blood to the body and __________ blood to the lungs

A

Oxygenated blood; deoxygenated blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The four chambers of the heart

A

Left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The upper chamber of the right side of the heart, receives blood from the upper body through the superior vena cava and from the lower body through the inferior vena cava.

A

The right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The function of this system is to allow for gas exchange

A

The respiratory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The anatomical features of the respiratory system in humans and mammals

A

Airways, lungs, and the respiratory muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged, by __________, between the gaseous external environment and the blood.
- this exchange occurs in the ________ region of the lungs

A

Diffusion; aveolar region (respiratory system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

This system that includes those specialized structures that initiate a nerve impulse after being affected by the environment

A

The sensory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The most universal process of life, explaining its survival and variety.

A

Reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How does sight work?

A

Light rays are refracted as they pass through the cornea, lens, and vitreous body to focus on the retina, where an image is formed. The optic nerve then carries impulses from the light sensitive cells of the retina to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

This system is composed of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves that extend throughout the body.

A

The nervous system

50
Q

The functional unit of the nervous system. A nerve cell with short dendrites that carry electrical impulses to the cell body and a large axon that further transmits the impulse

A

Neuron

51
Q

In a neuron, the outgoing fiver along which an impulse is further transmitted

A

Axon

52
Q

These conduct signals from the sense organs to the central nervous system, the spinal cord, and the brain

A

Sensory neurons

53
Q

These transmit signals from the central nervous system to muscles

A

Motor neurons

54
Q

Made up of the cerebellum and medulla oblongata, it operates unconsciously and automatically to regulate vital functions like circulation, respiration, excretion, and muscle tension

A

The hindbrain

55
Q

The largest part of the brain. It receives information from the senses and makes conscious decisions.

A

The cerebrum

56
Q

Complex chemical systems organized in ways that promote reproduction and some measure of sustainability and survival

A

Organisms

57
Q

They produce usable energy (in the form of organic compounds), using light from the sun or inorganic compounds

A

Autotrophs

58
Q

They take in organic compounds from the environment

A

Heterotrophs

59
Q

The physical properties of this element are such that it has a great affinity for bonding with other small atoms, including other atoms of itself. Its small size makes it capable of forming multiple bonds and makes it ideal as the basis of organic life.

A

Carbon

60
Q

Usually considered as a branch of biology, it is a multidisciplinary science because of its focus on the higher levels of the organization of life on earth and the relationship between organisms and their environment

A

Ecology

61
Q

A central principle of ecology is that each living organism has an ongoing continual __________ with every other element that makes up its environment.

A

Relationship

62
Q

The sum total of interacting living organisms and their non living environment (the biotope)

A

Ecosystem

63
Q

Studies of ecosystems usually focus on the movement of _______ and _________ through the system

A

Energy and matter

64
Q

Almost all ecosystems run on energy captured by the _____ by primary producers through _________.

A

Sun; photosynthesis

65
Q

Herbivores who eat plants

A

Primary consumers

66
Q

Carnivores and omnivores in an ecosystem

A

Secondary and tertiary consumers

67
Q

Photosynthetic plants fix carbon from carbon dioxide, and nitrogen from atmospheric nitrogen or nitrates in the soil to produce ____________.

A

Amino acids

68
Q

The process by which nutrients are returned to the ecosystem

A

Decomposition

69
Q

The entire movement of chemicals in an ecosystem (includes the carbon and nitrogen cycle)

A

Biogeochemical cycle

70
Q

All the members of a given species that live in a defined geographic area

A

Population

71
Q

A characteristic of an organism that has been favored by natural selection and increases the fitness of its possessor.
-can be structural, behavioral, or physiological

A

Adaptation

72
Q

Special body parts of an organism that help it survive its habitat (skin color, shape, body covering)

A

Structural adaptations

73
Q

Special ways an organism behaves to survive (I.e. Phototropism)

A

Behavioral adaptations

74
Q

Systems present in an organism that allow it to perform certain biochemical reactions (e.g. Making venom, secreting slime, and homeostasis)

A

Physiological adaptations

75
Q

If the number of species in an ecosystem is higher, then the number of stimuli is _________.

A

Higher

76
Q

Through _____________, the planets species have continuously adapted to change through variation in their biological composition and distribution

A

Natural selection

77
Q

Describe the eating relationships between species within an ecosystem. They also show how the energy from the producer is given to the consumer.

A

Food chains

78
Q

Refers to a network where the connections are given weights representing the quantity of nutrients or energy being transferred

A

Food network or ecosystem network

79
Q

Organisms in a food chain are grouped into _______, based on how many links they are removed from primary producers

A

Trophic levels (may contain either a single species or a group of species that are presumed to share both predators and prey; usually start with a plant and end with a carnivore)

80
Q

Organisms in a biomass from inorganic compounds (autotrophs). These are the green plants in an ecosystem that can manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis

A

Producers

81
Q

Plant eaters (herbivores). They can range in size from insects to elephants

A

Primary consumers

82
Q

Carnivores. They feed on smaller primary and secondary consumers

A

Secondary consumers

83
Q

Organisms that consume dead organisms.

A

Decomposers such as bacteria and fungi.

84
Q

Decomposers are ___________; they use organic substrates to get their energy , carbon, and nutrients for growth and development.

A

Heterotrophic

85
Q

Interconnected energy systems that demonstrate the energy links available to an organism.
-help explain predator/prey relationships in an ecosystem and include networks of food chains.

A

Food webs

86
Q

Illustrate energy flow in an ecosystem. The base of which (producers) supports all other levels, each succeeding level there is a decrease in energy.

A

Food pyramids

87
Q

A distinct change in physical appearance an organism can go through between birth and adulthood.

A

Metamorphosis

88
Q

Explain the life cycle of a frog.

A
  1. ) female frog lays thousands of eggs (highly vulnerable to predators)
  2. ) eggs hatch and life continues as tadpoles (no lungs, eyelids, or front and hind legs. Typically herbivorous, feeding on mostly algae)
  3. ) undergo metamorphosis and transition into adult form. (Develop hind legs, then front legs, lose their gills, develop lungs)
  4. ) final stage– froglet develops into adult frog
89
Q

Explain the stages of the butterfly life cycle

A
  1. ) egg or embryonic stage
  2. ) larva (caterpillar/feeding stage)
  3. ) pupa (chrysalis) or cocoon stage
  4. ) adult butterfly (imago) stage
90
Q

Butterfly lifecycle: the eggs are usually laid on plants; this stage lasts a few weeks for most butterflies.

A

Egg or embryonic stage

91
Q

Life cycle of a butterfly: Caterpillars emerge from the eggs and consume plant leaves and spend practically all of their time in search for food. Most caterpillars are herbivorous (few are insect eating). When the caterpillars are fully grown, hormones are produced.

A

Larva or feeding stage

92
Q

Lifecycle of a butterfly: the larva transforms in a cocoon by anchoring itself to a substrate and molting for the last time.

A

Pupa (chrysalis) or cocoon stage

93
Q

Lifecycle of a butterfly: after it emerges from the pupa stage, a butterfly cannot fly until the wings are unfolded

A

Adult butterfly (imago) stage

94
Q

________ plants are the dominant plant form on land

A

Flowering plants

95
Q

What is the most distinguishing feature of a flowering plant?

A

Their reproductive organs, commonly called flowers

96
Q

Pollen bearing structure in the stamen (male organ) of the flower, usually located on top of the filament of the stamen.

A

Anther

97
Q

The sticky part of a flowers carpel, which traps pollen grains

A

Stigma

98
Q

A long, thin structure that supports an anther

A

Filament

99
Q

Tiny grains that contain male gametes, released from the anthers of flowers

A

Pollen

100
Q

The male part of the flower, made up of an anther and a filament.

A

Stamen

101
Q

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the sigma in flowering plants

A

Pollination

102
Q

A modified leaf of a flowering plant. Heat are often colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators.

A

Petal

103
Q

The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary

A

Carpel

104
Q

Outermost circle of flower parts that encloses a bud before it opens and protects the flower as its developing

A

Sepal

105
Q

The female ovule-bearing part of a flower composed of ovary and style and stigma

A

Pistil

106
Q

A type of reproduction that does not involve fertilization. Primary form of reproduction in single cell organisms, many plants, and fungi.

A

Asexual reproduction

107
Q

A process of reductional division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half.
-does not occur in asexual organisms

A

Meiosis

108
Q

In animals, meiosis always results in the formation of ______, while in other organisms it can give rise to _______.

A

Gametes; spores

109
Q

During meiosis, the genome of a diploid germ cell, undergoes DNA reproduction resulting in ______________.

A

Four haploid cells; each of these cells contains one complete set of chromosomes, or half the genetic content of the original cell.

110
Q

Together, _________ and ____________ generate distinct individuals in populations.

A

Meiosis; fertilization

111
Q

The division of the parent cells genome into two daughter cells.

  • the genome is composed of a number of chromosomes that contain genetic information vital for proper cell function.
  • before this process, the parent cell must make a copy of each chromosome (occurs during the interphase period)
A

Mitosis

112
Q

Mitosis: growth phase. Chromosomes double, DNA is replicated, centrioles double, centrioles move toward poles, micro tubules produce spindle fibers

A

Interphase

113
Q

Mitosis: chromosomes thicken and become visible, visible spindle fibers, nuclear membrane and nucleons begins to break down

A

Prophase

114
Q

Mitosis: chromosomes line up at the equator

A

Metaphase

115
Q

Mitosis: chromosomes are separating, chromosomes move toward poles, spindle fibers begin to shorten

A

Anaphase

116
Q

Mitosis: spindle fibers are disappearing, chromosomes begin to unwind, membrane is present, membrane is reappearing, there are two daughter cells

A

Telophase

117
Q

Division of cytoplasm

A

Cytokinesis

118
Q

The process by which favorable heritable traits become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable heritable traits become less common

A

Natural selection

119
Q

The work in which Darwin formulated his theory of evolution including:

  • survival of the fittest
  • natural selection
  • evolution of species over time
  • genetic variation through geographic isolation
A

The origin of species

120
Q

The study of _______ can best pinpoint when and in what organism branching occurred in the tree of life

A

Fossils

CSET Subtest II Science (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions