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Science 311 Test > Physical Science: Physics > Flashcards

Physical Science: Physics Flashcards

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1
Q

Radiation

A

heat transfer by an electromagnetic wave

standing by a hot fire

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2
Q

Energy

A

the ability to create heat (thermal energy transfer) or do work (apply a force that moves something through a distance)

gasoline has stored potential chemical energy

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3
Q

Energy Transfer

A

the movement of energy from one object or place into another

cue ball hitting billiard ball, transfers kinetic energy

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4
Q

Potential Energy

A

energy that is stored in the position or configuration of objects

ball on top of a hill; two positive electrical charges close together

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5
Q

Energy Transformation

A

the change of one type of energy into another type

sledding down a hill - potential energy into kinetic energy

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6
Q

Foot-Pound (Ft⋅Lb)

A

the unit for energy in US customary units

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7
Q

Heat

A

the thermal energy transferred from a hot object to a cooler object

a hot water bottle next to your sore shoulder transfers thermal energy in the form of heat

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8
Q

Conservation of Energy

A

in a closed system, the total amount of energy is constant, even if it changes form or moves from one place to another

girl diving off board into water

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9
Q

Conduction

A

the transfer of thermal energy through a material or between two materials that are touching

heating pad

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10
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

the energy of motion

person running; molecules vibrating

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11
Q

Convection

A

the transfer of heat by a moving fluid, like air and water

heat rising from a lit candle

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12
Q

Joule (J)

A

The units of heat and energy in the SI system (metric system).

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13
Q

Mechanical Energy

A

the sum of potential and kinetic energy in a mechanical system

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14
Q

Frequency

A

the number of ocurrences of an observed behavior over a set time period

A teacher counting the number of times Jacob sticks his tongue out at a classmate during a one-hour class would be collecting frequency data.

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15
Q

Electromagnetic Waves

A

Waves consisting of vibrating electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic waves can travel through a vacuum because they do not require a medium. Emitted by all objects with a temperature above absolute zero.

light, radio waves, x-rays

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16
Q

Wave

A

a disturbance that transports energy as it moves through space and time

water wave, electromagnetism, sound

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17
Q

Transverse Wave

A

a wave in which the direction of the vibration is perpendicular to the direction the energy travels

light, vibrating guitar string

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18
Q

Amplitude

A

the maximum displacement of a particle of the medium during a vibration (measured from non-vibrating position to one crest)

height of an ocean wave above the ocean’s normal surface height

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19
Q

Threshold of Hearing

A

0 dB, the softest sound a human can hear

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20
Q

Troughs (of a Wave)

A

the valleys, or lowest points, of a vertically vibrating transverse wave

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21
Q

Compression Wave

A

a longitudinal wave with areas of high and low pressure, or density

sound

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22
Q

Mechanical Waves

A

Physical waves that travel through a medium.

sound, water waves

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23
Q

Threshold of Pain

A

sound at 120 dB

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24
Q

Crests

A

the peaks, or highest points, of a vertically vibrating transverse wave

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25
Q

Period

A

the time it takes to complete one full wave cycle, measured in seconds

a 17 second stop-light cycle

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26
Q

Wave Speed

A

a measure of how fast the wave energy moves from one place to another

speed of light

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27
Q

Decibel

A

The unit for the loudness of sound and is abbreviated dB.

28
Q

Wavelength

A

the length (in space) of one complete wave cycle, measured in distance units

crest to crest distance on a water wave

29
Q

Doppler Effect

A

An increase in the frequency (or pitch) when a sound emitter and/or an observer move toward each other and a decrease in the frequency (or pitch) when the objects move apart.

Police radar

30
Q

Loudness

A

human perception of the intensity of a sound

industrial noise at 110 dB sounds very loud

31
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

the entire range of frequencies of electromagnetic waves from very long radio waves to very short gamma rays

infrared, ultraviolet

32
Q

Longitudinal Wave

A

a wave in which the direction of the vibration is parallel to the direction the energy travels

sound

33
Q

Pitch

A

how high or low the sound seems to a human ear

34
Q

Medium

A

the material that carries a mechanical wave

air for sound wave, a string for a violin

35
Q

Intensity

A

a measure of the severity or volume of a behavior when it occurs

A teacher notes that over time, with coaching and reminders, an autistic student’s verbal self-stimulation has gotten quieter and less disruptive.

36
Q

Circuit Diagram / Schematic

A

a drawing that uses symbols to show how components should be connected in a circuit

37
Q

Current

A

The flow rate of charge, measured in amps (A).

3 amps (3 A)

38
Q

Voltage / Potential Difference / Potential

A

the difference in energy per charge across any two points in a circuit, measured in volts (V).

9 volts (9 V)

39
Q

Ground

A

the lowest potential, or voltage, in a circuit

negative battery terminal

40
Q

Electroscope Leaves

A

Conducting leaves inside an electroscope that spread apart when charge is present

41
Q

Sinusoidal

A

A quantity that follows a sine curve, increasing from 0 to a maximum, decreasing through zero to a minimum, and increasing again.

42
Q

Resistance

A

A device that reduces/limits/controls the current in a circuit, measured in ohms (Ω).

10 ohms (10 Ω)

43
Q

DC Current

A

Current that flows in only one direction along each wire in a circuit

Flashlight circuit.

44
Q

AC Current

A

Current that flows sinusoidally alternates direction in a circuit.

60 Hz household circuits.

45
Q

Ohm’s Law

A

The relationship between the voltage, V, current, I, and resistance, R in an ohmic circuit.

46
Q

Electroscope

A

A device used to show the presence of electric charge

47
Q

Ohms (Ω)

A

the unit for resistance

10 ohms (10 Ω)

48
Q

Short Circuit

A

a dangerous circuit in which a conducting wire is connected directly across the two battery terminals

49
Q

Step-Up Transformer

A

A transformer that increases the voltage and decreases the current by the same ratio

Long distance power transmission

50
Q

Microchips

A

Small computers with limited functions; used as controllers and timers in electronic devices.

51
Q

Electron

A

low-mass, negatively charged particle; surrounds the nucleus of an atom

52
Q

Diamagnetism

A

The quality of materials that are weakly repelled by other magnets and are magnetic only when in an external magnetic field

Water

53
Q

Ferromagnetism

A

The quality of materials that form strong magnets and generally stay magnetized even when removed from an external magnetic field

Magnets of iron, cobalt, and nickel

54
Q

Ideal Transformer

A

A transformer with no losses due to heating or other effects

55
Q

Electromagnet

A

a coil of wire that is magnetic because current flows through it

solenoid

56
Q

Generator

A

A device that uses electromagnetic induction to produce an electrical current (mechanical energy to electrical energy).

Generator within a windmill

57
Q

Paramagnetism

A

The quality of materials that are weakly attracted to other magnets and are magnetic only when in an external magnetic field

Lithium

58
Q

Secondary Coil

A

The output coil of a transformer, connected to the power user

59
Q

Solenoid

A

A coil of wire around a central iron piston.

60
Q

Primary Coil

A

The input coil of a transformer, connected to the power source

61
Q

Transformer

A

A device that uses electromagnetic induction to proportionally change the values of AC current and voltage

Phone charger

62
Q

Magnetic Field

A

The potential magnetic force in the space surrounding a magnet. Proportional to the force on a magnetic pole in the space around the magnet.

63
Q

Magnetic Field Lines

A

Lines drawn to represent the direction and strength of a magnetic field.

64
Q

Step-Down Transformer

A

A transformer that decreases the voltage and increases the current by the same ratio

65
Q

Battery

A

A device that uses chemical reactions to produce a voltage difference across two terminals.

Button battery

66
Q

Electromagnetic Induction

A

The process of inducing a current by moving charges through a magnetic field.

Science 311 Test (6 decks)

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