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Most Important Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Interphase

A

the phase of the cell’s life before mitosis; the cell carries out its function and duplicates its DNA

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2
Q

Centromere

A

The center of a chromosome. Connects the two sister chromatids.

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3
Q

Hypertonic

A

A condition in which the cell has a higher concentration of solutes than the environment

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4
Q

Metaphase

A

the phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up down the middle of the cell

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5
Q

Polymer

A

Multiple units of monomers bonded to form a macromolecule

Polypeptide Chain

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6
Q

Centrosome

A

Pulls apart chromosomes during interphase

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7
Q

Osmosis

A

The net movement of water (a solvent) from low solute concentration to high solute concentration. Does not require a cell to use energy.

If there is a higher concentration of sugar molecules outside of the cell, there will be net movement of water molecules out of the cell until the two sides are in equilibrium.

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8
Q

Chromosome

A

DNA which is condensed into X-shaped structures; chromosomes are made of two halves called sister chromatids joined at the centromere in the middle

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9
Q

Prometaphase

A

the phase of mitosis in which the nuclear membrane disappears

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10
Q

Anaphase II

A

Chromosomes are pulled apart and separated again

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11
Q

Chlorophyll

A

pigments that capture energy from solar radiation and power the chemical process

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12
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

Two identical DNA strands, joined together by a centromere

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13
Q

Respiration

A

process where organisms use food (such as sugar) to make useful energy and waste products

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14
Q

Light-Dependent Reaction

A

Light is required to make the reaction occur such as sunlight that is converted to chemical energy in photosynthesis

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15
Q

Mitosis

A

the cell cycle when the nucleus of a cell separates into two, resulting in two new daughter cells (somatic cells) with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

skin cells dividing, bacteria reproducing

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16
Q

Lipids / Fats

A

large fat molecules used for energy storage; monomers are fatty acids and glycerol, which come together to form lipids such as phospholipids.

Fatty Acid

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17
Q

Channel Proteins

A

Structures that allow passive transport of molecules across membranes

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18
Q

Anaphase I

A

Chromosomes are pulled apart and separated

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19
Q

Spindle Fibers

A

parts of the cytoskeleton which latch onto chromatids and pull them toward the centrioles during mitosis

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20
Q

Glycolysis

A

Glucose is broken down into pyruvate and energy and CO2 are released

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21
Q

Passive Transport / Diffusion

A

The net movement of solutes (particles in a solution) from high concentration to low concentration. Does not require a cell to use energy.

If there is a higher concentration of Na+ ions outside of the cell, there will be net movement of the ions into the cell until the two sides are in equilibrium.

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22
Q

Enzyme / Catalyst

A

A type of protein that functions to reduces the amount of energy required to begin a reaction, therefore speeding up the reaction rate. It is not destroyed during the reaction.

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23
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

Stage of photosynthesis where carbon dioxide is synthesized into sugar

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24
Q

Chloroplast

A

organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place; contains chlorophyll

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25
Q

Coefficient (in a Reaction)

A

Number placed in front of a molecule indicating how many are needed for a reaction

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26
Q

Cristae

A

Inner folds of the mitochondria where the ETC is located

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27
Q

Metaphase II

A

Chromosome align at the equator or metaphase plate. It looks like a line of single Xs.

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28
Q

Telophase

A

the phase of mitosis in which two nuclear membranes form

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29
Q

Anerobic

A

Reaction that does not use oxygen as an electron acceptor

Fermentation

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30
Q

Aerobic

A

Reaction that requires oxygen as an electron acceptor

Aerobic Respiration

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31
Q

Turgor Pressure

A

The force of water against the vacuole of a plant cell which allows it maintain a rigid appearance

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32
Q

Meiosis II

A

Second round of meiosis that results in gametes

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33
Q

Na+/K+-ATPase

A

An enzyme, also called the sodium potassium pump, that actively transports ions across the cell membrane and regulates osmotic pressure

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34
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the phase of mitosis or meiosis in which the cytoplasm divides

Formation of the cleavage furrow between two dividing animal cells

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35
Q

Prophase II

A

The chromosomes condense and centrosomes duplicate

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36
Q

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A

a cluster of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane to form a gradient of protons that drives the creation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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37
Q

Cell Plate

A

in plant cells, the organelle which grows in the middle to separate the two cells during mitosis.

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38
Q

Hypotonic

A

A condition in which the cell has a lower concentration of solutes than the environment

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39
Q

Prophase I

A

Chromosomes twist together and crossover DNA

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40
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

particle in the cell that captures released energy from cellular respiration and delivers it where needed

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41
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

The difference in concentration of a type of molecule across a cell membrane

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42
Q

Telephase I

A

New nuclear envelopes form around separated chromosomes

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43
Q

Centrioles

A

Centrioles

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44
Q

Kreb’s Cycle

A

Pyruvate is broken down and CO2 and energy are released

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45
Q

Light-Independent Reaction

A

Reactions that can occur without light being present

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46
Q

Chromatids

A

the two arms that make up a chromosome; joined at the center region called a centromere

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47
Q

Prophase

A

the phase of mitosis in which the chromatin condenses into chromosomes, the centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell, and the nucleolus disappears

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48
Q

Daughter Cells

A

cells produced by cell division; in mitosis, these are genetically identical to the parent cells and to each other

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49
Q

Cleavage Furrow

A

in animal cells, the “pinching” of the cell into two cells occurs at this site

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50
Q

Somatic Cells

A

body cells which carry out life processes and are not used for sexual reproduction

skin cells, liver cells

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51
Q

Isotonic

A

A condition in which the cell has the same concentration of solutes as the environment

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52
Q

Photosynthesis

A

process by which plants use light, water, and carbon dioxide to make their own food (sugar) and oxygen

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53
Q

Diploid Cell

A

A cell that contains 2 sets of chromosomes (1 from father and 1 from mother)

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54
Q

Active Transport

A

Uses energy to move nutrients from low concentration to high concentration

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55
Q

Meiosis I

A

First round of meiosis that results in haploid cells

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56
Q

Turgid

A

The growth-inducing condition of a plant cell in a hypotonic environment

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57
Q

Metaphase I

A

Homologous chromosome align at the equator or metaphase plate. It looks like a line of pairs of Xs.

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58
Q

Proteins

A

Large biomolecules composed of amino acids (the monomers) that carry out many different cell functions. When broken down, release usable energy for the cell.

hemoglobin

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59
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

The biomolecule that forms DNA and RNA. The specific sequence of nucleic acids (the monomer) provides the genetic information of the organism.

DNA, RNA

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60
Q

Plasma Membrane / Cell Membrane

A

a soft membrane that encloses the cytoplasm of a cell. Movement of molecules in and out of the cell is regulated by proteins within this membrane.

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61
Q

Osmoregulation

A

The regulation of water in and out of cells

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62
Q

Telephase II

A

New nuclear envelopes form around separated chromosomes

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63
Q

Carbohydrates

A

macromolecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; used as a quick source of energy; monomers are monosaccharides, which chain together to form polysaccharides.

sugar, starch

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64
Q

Monomer

A

Single units of macromolecules

Amino Acid

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65
Q

Chromatin

A

The spread out form of DNA seen during interphase

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66
Q

Ideal Gas Law

A

PV=nRT

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67
Q

Acidity

A

The concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in a solution; high acidity corresponds to low pH.

hydrochloric acid (HCl)

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68
Q

Freezing Point Depression

A

Adding solute to lower the freezing temperature

Salting roads can prevent water from freezing at
0°C

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69
Q

Half-Life

A

The amount of time it takes for half of the isotopes in a sample to change

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70
Q

Reaction: Decomposition

A

1 molecule is broken down into 2 separate elements or molecules

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71
Q

Endothermic

A

In an endothermic process, a substance gains thermal energy.

In an endothermic reaction, the reactants absorb heat while rearranging chemical bonds.

As ice melts into water, it absorbs heat from the environment

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72
Q

Stoichiometry

A

uses a balanced chemical equation to determine the amount of reactants needed to create a certain amount of product or how much product can be created from a set amount of reactant

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73
Q

Reaction: Neutralization

A

Reaction in which when an acid and base chemically react and form a salt and water with a resulting pH of 7

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74
Q

Chemical Equilibrium

A

The state in which reactants and products are being formed at the same rate

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75
Q

Chemical Equations

A

Notation that shows how 2 molecules or compounds react together to form a product

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76
Q

Limiting Reagent / Limiting Reactant

A

The first chemical to be used up in a chemical reaction

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77
Q

Pressure

A

The force exerted on an object over a given area

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78
Q

Dimensional Analysis / Unit Analysis

A

the process of converting within or between systems by multiplying by factors of 1 in various forms

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79
Q

Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)

A

A temperature and pressure of 273 K and 1 atm

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80
Q

Exothermic

A

In an exothermic process, a substance releases thermal energy.

In an exothermic reaction, the reactants release heat while rearranging chemical bonds.

As water freezes into ice, it releases heat into the environment

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81
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

a reaction that forms a new substance by rearranging the atomic bonds between atoms. The process absorbs energy during bond-breaking and releases energy during bond-making.

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82
Q

Activation Energy (Ea)

A

the amount of energy needed for a reaction to begin

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83
Q

Reaction: Combination

A

2 elements or molecules combine to form 1 molecule

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84
Q

Reaction: Oxidation/Reduction (Redox)

A

Reaction in which electrons transfer, causing the oxidation number to change

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85
Q

Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium

A

Equilibrium when a reversible reaction proceeds in both directions, so the net production is zero

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86
Q

Reaction: Combustion

A

A compound containing carbon reacts with oxygen and burns releasing carbon dioxide

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87
Q

Excess Reagent / Excess Reactant

A

The leftover reagent(s) in a chemical reaction after the limiting reagent is depleted.

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88
Q

Conservation of Matter

A

Matter cannot be created or destroyed; it only changes form

chemical reaction

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89
Q

Static Chemical Equilibrium

A

Equilibrium reached in an irreversible reaction that proceeds in one direction until all the reactants are used up

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90
Q

Oxidation Number

A

The charge on an atom

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91
Q

Reaction: Single Replacement

A

One element or molecule replaces another element in a molecule

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92
Q

Le Chatelier’s Principle

A

The statement that a reaction shifts to counteract a change in concentration or temperature of the reactants

If the pressure on a reaction at equilibrium is increased, then the reaction will shift to produce fewer moles of gas.

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93
Q

Reaction: Double Replacement

A

Elements in molecules replace each other

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94
Q

Specific Heat (c)

A

eat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance with a given mass by a given number of degrees.

Δheat=mcΔT

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95
Q

Solute

A

The material in a solution that is dissolved in the solvent

The sugar in lemonade

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96
Q

Spontaneity

A

Whether or not a process will proceed without an additional energy input;

ΔG<0

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97
Q

Exothermic

A

In an exothermic process, a substance releases thermal energy.

In an exothermic reaction, the reactants release heat while rearranging chemical bonds.

As water freezes into ice, it releases heat into the environment

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98
Q

Calorimeter

A

A piece of equipment used to determine the heat change associated with a chemical reaction

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99
Q

Solvent

A

a substance which dissolves other substances

if salt is dissolved in water, water is the solvent.

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100
Q

Solubility

A

the ability of a substance to be dissolved

101
Q

Endothermic

A

In an endothermic process, a substance gains thermal energy.

In an endothermic reaction, the reactants absorb heat while rearranging chemical bonds.

As ice melts into water, it absorbs heat from the environment

102
Q

Dissolution

A

The separation of an ionic compound into a cation and anion

Breaking apart of ionic NaCl salt crystal in water.

103
Q

Entropy (S)

A

A measure of the disorder of a system. The amount of thermal energy that cannot be used to do mechanical work as a system moves toward equilibrium.

104
Q

Enthalpy (H)

A

The quantity of heat in a system

105
Q

Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG)

A

temperature and the change in entropy, measured in kJ per mol reaction

ΔG o=ΔH o−TΔS o

106
Q

Enthalpy of Solution / Enthalpy of Dissolution (ΔHsoln)

A

The heat that is absorbed or released when a solute dissolves into solution.

In an exothermic dissolution, the interactions between the solute particles are weaker than the interactions between solute and solvent particles. The ΔHsoln is negative.

In an endothermic dissolution, the interactions between solute particles are stronger than the interactions between solute and solvent particles. The ΔHsoln is positive.

107
Q

Standard Gibbs Free Energy of Formation (ΔGfo)

A

The change in energy that results from the formation of 1 mole of chemical from its component elements at 298 K

108
Q

Compression Wave

A

a longitudinal wave with areas of high and low pressure, or density

sound

109
Q

Amplitude

A

the maximum displacement of a particle of the medium during a vibration (measured from non-vibrating position to one crest)

height of an ocean wave above the ocean’s normal surface height

110
Q

Intensity

A

a measure of the severity or volume of a behavior when it occurs

A teacher notes that over time, with coaching and reminders, an autistic student’s verbal self-stimulation has gotten quieter and less disruptive.

111
Q

Doppler Effect

A

An increase in the frequency (or pitch) when a sound emitter and/or an observer move toward each other and a decrease in the frequency (or pitch) when the objects move apart.

Police radar

112
Q

Frequency

A

the number of ocurrences of an observed behavior over a set time period

A teacher counting the number of times Jacob sticks his tongue out at a classmate during a one-hour class would be collecting frequency data.

113
Q

Mechanical Waves

A

Physical waves that travel through a medium.

sound, water waves

114
Q

Wave

A

a disturbance that transports energy as it moves through space and time

water wave, electromagnetism, sound

115
Q

Wave Speed

A

a measure of how fast the wave energy moves from one place to another

speed of light

116
Q

Crests

A

the peaks, or highest points, of a vertically vibrating transverse wave

117
Q

Threshold of Hearing

A

0 dB, the softest sound a human can hear

118
Q

Pitch

A

how high or low the sound seems to a human ear

119
Q

Troughs (of a Wave)

A

the valleys, or lowest points, of a vertically vibrating transverse wave

120
Q

Period

A

the time it takes to complete one full wave cycle, measured in seconds

a 17 second stop-light cycle

121
Q

Threshold of Pain

A

sound at 120 dB

122
Q

Transverse Wave

A

a wave in which the direction of the vibration is perpendicular to the direction the energy travels

light, vibrating guitar string

123
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

the entire range of frequencies of electromagnetic waves from very long radio waves to very short gamma rays

infrared, ultraviolet

124
Q

Decibel

A

The unit for the loudness of sound and is abbreviated dB.

125
Q

Loudness

A

human perception of the intensity of a sound

industrial noise at 110 dB sounds very loud

126
Q

Electromagnetic Waves

A

Waves consisting of vibrating electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic waves can travel through a vacuum because they do not require a medium. Emitted by all objects with a temperature above absolute zero.

light, radio waves, x-rays

127
Q

Longitudinal Wave

A

a wave in which the direction of the vibration is parallel to the direction the energy travels

sound

128
Q

Medium

A

the material that carries a mechanical wave

air for sound wave, a string for a violin

129
Q

Wavelength

A

the length (in space) of one complete wave cycle, measured in distance units

crest to crest distance on a water wave

130
Q

Asteroids

A

small, rocky bodies in the sun’s orbit

Ceres

131
Q

Mercury

A

the first planet from the sun; an inner planet (inside the asteroid belt); slightly larger than Earth’s moon; experiences extreme temperature variations; large iron core

132
Q

Retrograde Motion

A

Planetary motion that appears (from Earth’s point of view) to have a rotation opposite that of Earth

133
Q

Saturn

A

the sixth planet from the sun; an outer planet (outside the asteroid belt); the least dense planet; has a complex ring system

134
Q

Earth

A

the third planet from the sun; an inner planet (inside the asteroid belt); only known habitable planet; 71% of surface covered with liquid water

135
Q

Satellite

A

an object or body that orbits another object or body

Earth’s moon

136
Q

Solar Flare

A

A burst of high-energy radiation from the Sun’s surface that is associated with sunspots.

137
Q

Uranus

A

the seventh planet from the sun; an outer planet (outside the asteroid belt); composed mostly of rock and ice; has 27 named moons

138
Q

Solar System

A

A star, as well as the planets, satellites, asteroids, and all the other objects orbiting it. They travel together through space.

139
Q

Constellations

A

a star grouping which forms a pattern; we have ascribed images to the constellations

Orion

140
Q

Photosphere

A

The opaque, innermost visible layer of the Sun that surrounds the convective zone

141
Q

Period (of a Comet)

A

the amount of time it takes for a comet to orbit the sun

Halley’s Comet has a period of about 75 years

142
Q

Convective Zone

A

A layer of the Sun surrounding the radiative zone, in which convection currents carry heat to the Sun’s surface.

143
Q

Meteoroids

A

small bodies of debris from space which move into Earth’s atmosphere and can then turn into meteors

144
Q

Meteorite

A

what remains of a meteor after it hits the surface of the earth

145
Q

Corona

A

The outer atmosphere of the Sun

146
Q

Background Radiation

A

low temperature radiation that permeates all of space; thought to be a red-shifted remnant of the big bang.

147
Q

Kuiper Belt

A

A flat disc of comets, asteroids, and other small icy objects that orbit the sun at a distance beyond Neptune

148
Q

Accretion

A

the process by which smaller particles clumped together to form bigger and bigger masses, and eventually, planets like Earth

149
Q

Chromosphere

A

The red-colored layer of the Sun that is on the outside of the photosphere.

150
Q

Neptune

A

the eighth planet from the sun; an outer planet (outside the asteroid belt); methane in the atmosphere absorbs red light to make it appear blue; gives off over twice as much energy as it receives from the sun

151
Q

Protoplanet Theory

A

the belief that planets were small, dense regions of a nebula that were captured by the gravity of a star

152
Q

Mars

A

the fourth planet from the sun; an inner planet (inside the asteroid belt); the “Red Planet”; home to Olympus Mons, the tallest mountain in the solar system;

153
Q

Plasma

A

a state of matter in which atoms have been stripped of their electrons; electrons move freely around a plasma

inside the sun

154
Q

Core

A

Core

155
Q

Pluto

A

previously classified as the ninth planet from the sun; usually now classified as a minor planet or dwarf planet; has five moons

156
Q

Oort Cloud

A

a shell of comet bodies which orbit the sun

157
Q

Redshift

A

A shift in the light from a star toward the red end of the visible spectrum that is produced when the star is moving away from Earth.

158
Q

Jupiter

A

the fifth planet from the sun; an outer planet (outside the asteroid belt); largest planet; over twice as massive as all the other planets combined; has four large moons; about 90% hydrogen and 10% helium

159
Q

Meteor

A

a meteoroid that has entered Earth’s atmosphere

160
Q

Sedna

A

another dwarf planet; much farther from the sun than Pluto; takes 10,000 years to orbit the sun

161
Q

Comet

A

a body made of ice and dust in the sun’s orbit; contains a gas and dust “tail”

Halley’s Comet

162
Q

Polaris

A

The name of the North Star; Earth’s North Pole points toward the North Star

163
Q

Planet

A

a body moving in orbit around a star; large enough to clear debris in its orbit; has enough gravity to make it round

Earth

164
Q

Venus

A

the second planet from the sun; an inner planet (inside the asteroid belt); slightly smaller than Earth; similar density and chemical composition to Earth

165
Q

Big Bang Theory

A

a theory about the origin of the universe which states that the universe was at one time a very small, very condensed, very massive particle; a large explosion forced all matter out at an extremely rapid rate, and the universe has continued to expand since

166
Q

Dwarf Planet

A

a small planet not large enough to clear its orbit of debris

Pluto

167
Q

Radiative Zone

A

A layer of the Sun surrounding the core, through which energy is slowly transported by radiation.

168
Q

Battery

A

A device that uses chemical reactions to produce a voltage difference across two terminals.

Button battery

169
Q

Step-Down Transformer

A

A transformer that decreases the voltage and increases the current by the same ratio

170
Q

Electromagnet

A

a coil of wire that is magnetic because current flows through it

solenoid

171
Q

Ideal Transformer

A

A transformer with no losses due to heating or other effects

172
Q

Diamagnetism

A

The quality of materials that are weakly repelled by other magnets and are magnetic only when in an external magnetic field

Water

173
Q

Generator

A

A device that uses electromagnetic induction to produce an electrical current (mechanical energy to electrical energy).

Generator within a windmill

174
Q

Ferromagnetism

A

The quality of materials that form strong magnets and generally stay magnetized even when removed from an external magnetic field

Magnets of iron, cobalt, and nickel

175
Q

Magnetic Field

A

The potential magnetic force in the space surrounding a magnet. Proportional to the force on a magnetic pole in the space around the magnet.

176
Q

Magnetic Field Lines

A

Lines drawn to represent the direction and strength of a magnetic field.

177
Q

Electromagnetic Induction

A

The process of inducing a current by moving charges through a magnetic field.

178
Q

Transformer

A

A device that uses electromagnetic induction to proportionally change the values of AC current and voltage

Phone charger

179
Q

Paramagnetism

A

The quality of materials that are weakly attracted to other magnets and are magnetic only when in an external magnetic field

Lithium

180
Q

Primary Coil

A

Primary Coil

181
Q

Secondary Coil

A

The output coil of a transformer, connected to the power user

182
Q

Microchips

A

Small computers with limited functions; used as controllers and timers in electronic devices.

183
Q

Solenoid

A

A coil of wire around a central iron piston.

184
Q

Step-Up Transformer

A

A transformer that increases the voltage and decreases the current by the same ratio

Long distance power transmission

185
Q

Electron

A

low-mass, negatively charged particle; surrounds the nucleus of an atom

186
Q

Niche

A

the relationships and activities of an organism within its habitat

a red squirrel’s niche: eats nuts, lives within the hollows of trees, and drinks water from streams

187
Q

Intraspecific Competition

A

competition between members of the same species

two male bighorn sheep fighting for a mate

188
Q

Biotic Factors / Biological Factors

A

Factors in an ecosystem which are or once were living

plants, animals, dead tree leaves

189
Q

Omnivore

A

an organism that eats both plants and animals for energy and nutrients.

a mouse will eat both insects and seeds

190
Q

Top-Down Control

A

The type of control that predators have on the population of prey

191
Q

Limiting Factor

A

a resource whose presence or absence determines the growth of a population

nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the soil

192
Q

Interspecific Competition

A

competition between different species

leopards and lions in sub-Saharan Africa competing for prey

193
Q

Bottom-Up Control

A

The type of control that resources such as food have on a population or community.

194
Q

Biodiversity

A

The number of different types of species in an area

A rainforest has higher biodiversity than the artic.

195
Q

Herbivore

A

an organism that eats only plants for energy and nutrients. Also called a primary consumer.

grasshopper

196
Q

Decomposer

A

an organism that breaks down dead matter for energy and nutrients. Returns unused nutrients to the soil.

fungi (mushroom)

197
Q

Secondary Consumer

A

an organism in a food chain that eats primary consumers. May be omnivores or carnivores.

lizard

198
Q

Consumer

A

an organism which depends on another organism to provide the energy it needs to survive; assigned a trophic level depending on what kinds of organisms it eats

wolf

199
Q

Food Web

A

show the flow of energy through an ecosystem through a complex network of overlapping food chains

200
Q

Logistic Growth (in ecology)

A

dramatic growth in populations until carrying capacity is reached, at which point growth levels out. This occurs in the presence of limited resources

wolf population in Yellowstone National Park

201
Q

Migration / Gene Flow

A

movement of individuals of a species

202
Q

Net Primary Production (NPP)

A

The rate at which inorganic carbon is converted to organic carbon by photosynthesis

203
Q

Tertiary Consumer

A

an organism in a food chain that eats secondary consumers. May be omnivores or carnivores.

bear, snake

204
Q

Primary Consumer

A

an organism in a food chain that eats the plants (producers). Herbivores.

grasshoppers

205
Q

Carnivore

A

an organism that eats only other animals for energy and nutrients.

mountain lion

206
Q

Exponential Growth (in ecology)

A

dramatic growth in populations in the presence of unlimited resources

bacteria growth in the lab

207
Q

Carrying Capacity (K)

A

the number of organisms an ecosystem can support without breaking down

208
Q

Keystone Species

A

species that plays a key role in the ecosystem by providing balance in most of the other populations, such as keeping omnivores in check by preying on them.

starfish in a kelp forest

209
Q

Competition (Ecology)

A

struggle among organisms for basic needs such as space, water, food, and sunlight

two male lions fighting over a dead monkey

210
Q

Trophic Level

A

the level in the food chain assigned to an organism based on what it eats

primary consumer

211
Q

Apex Predator

A

an organism at the top of the food chain with little or no natural enemies

mountain lion

212
Q

Producer

A

an organism that uses abiotic resources (like the sun’s rays) to make food

grass

213
Q

Adaptation

A

A feature that has become common in a population because it provides some improved function which makes the organism better able to survive and reproduce. It can be structural or behavioral.

migration in winter

214
Q

Greenhouse Gases

A

gases which, when present in elevated quantities in Earth’s atmosphere, trap solar radiation and cause the planet to warm

carbon dioxide

215
Q

Extinction

A

the dying out of all members of a species

dodo birds

216
Q

Natural Selection

A

The process by which, over time, the population as a whole contains more individuals which are better suited to that environment.

faster antelopes survive to pass down traits

217
Q

Abiotic Factors / Physical Factors

A

Factors in an ecosystem which are not alive

temperature, precipitation, soil

218
Q

Gyrochronology

A

A technique used by astronomers that uses a star’s rotation rate and color to determine its age

219
Q

Absolute Magnitude

A

the actual amount of light a star gives off

The absolute magnitude of our sun is 4.8

220
Q

Singularity

A

An infinitely small, dense center of a black hole

221
Q

Neutron Star

A

a small star with high density; made of closely packed neutrons

Crab Pulsar

222
Q

Binary Stars

A

a two-star system; the stars rotate around a common point, or one star rotates around the other

Castor

223
Q

Black Hole

A

an object with gravity great enough that it does not allow radiation or matter to escape

224
Q

Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram

A

A temperature versus luminosity plot of different types of stars

225
Q

Moons

A

satellites which orbit planets

Phobos

226
Q

Celestial Bodies

A

a physical object in space which has observable characteristics

planet

227
Q

Oort Cloud

A

a shell of comet bodies which orbit the sun

228
Q

Distance Ladder

A

A series of techniques, that when used together help astronomers determine distances in space

229
Q

Solar System

A

A star, as well as the planets, satellites, asteroids, and all the other objects orbiting it. They travel together through space.

230
Q

Red/Blue Giants

A

large stars; red giants have high luminosity and low surface temperature; blue giants have high luminosity and high surface temperature

Rigel (blue giant)

231
Q

Exoplanets

A

planets which orbit stars outside our own solar system

Proxima Centauri b

232
Q

Big Bang

A

An sudden expansion of the Universe that produced an explosive growth in the size of the entire Universe that continues today

233
Q

White Dwarf

A

a small star with high density; often the size of a planet

Sirius B

234
Q

Meteoroids

A

small bodies of debris from space which move into Earth’s atmosphere and can then turn into meteors

235
Q

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

A

Microwave radiation at a temperature of 3K from every direction that fills the entire sky; thought to have cooled from very energetic radiation that originated during the inflationary period of the Universe

236
Q

Comet

A

a body made of ice and dust in the sun’s orbit; contains a gas and dust “tail”

Halley’s Comet

237
Q

Red/Blue Dwarfs

A

small stars; red dwarfs have low mass and low surface temperature; blue dwarfs develop from red dwarfs after the hydrogen is used up

Proxima Centauri

238
Q

Stars

A

a gaseous body which produces radiant energy through nuclear fusion reactions

the sun; Sirius

239
Q

Nebula

A

a gas and dust cloud in space

Orion Nebula

240
Q

Galaxies

A

a system of stars and their systems held together by gravity

Milky Way Galaxy

241
Q

Constellations

A

a star grouping which forms a pattern; we have ascribed images to the constellations

Orion

242
Q

Planet

A

a body moving in orbit around a star; large enough to clear debris in its orbit; has enough gravity to make it round

Earth

243
Q

Supernova

A

explosion of a high-mass star that blows off the outer layers and condenses the core

244
Q

Hubble’s Constant

A

A constant of proportionality between the distance and velocity of galaxies

H o ≈70 km/s/Mpc

245
Q

Models

A

physical, mathematical, or visual representations of scientific phenomena

a diagram of the eye

246
Q

Blueshift

A

A shift in the light from a star toward the blue end of the visible spectrum that is produced when the star is moving towards Earth.

247
Q

Spectroscope

A

An instrument that splits light into separate wavelengths

Can be used to determine the composition of a star

248
Q

Redshift

A

A shift in the light from a star toward the red end of the visible spectrum that is produced when the star is moving away from Earth.

249
Q

Pulsar

A

a rapidly rotating neutron star; emits pulsing radio waves

Vela Pulsar

Science 311 Test (6 decks)

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