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AFOQT > Physical Science > Flashcards

Physical Science Flashcards

1
Q

An ______ is the smallest particle of an element that is still identifiable as part of that element.

A

Atom

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2
Q

An atom is made up of several subatomic particles. The three most important are:

A

Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons

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3
Q

Protons have a negative or positive charge?

A

Positive charge

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4
Q

What kind of charge do Electrons have?

A

Negative Charge

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5
Q

What kind of charge do Neutrons have?

A

Neutrons are neutral

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6
Q

Electrons orbit the nucleus in increasing energy levels called ______?

A

Shells

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7
Q

The _________________ is a chart that arranges the chemical elements in an easy-to-understand way.

A

Periodic Table of Elements

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8
Q

When two or more atoms join together they form a _________.

A

Molecule

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9
Q

A _________ is made by combining two or more different elements.

A

Compound

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10
Q

In a _______ ____, atoms share electrons.

A

Covalent Bond

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11
Q

In a ________ _____, two ions with opposite charges are attracted to each other and bind together.

A

Ionic Bond

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12
Q

A _________ consists of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded.

A

mixture

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13
Q

A uniform, or homogeneous, mixture of different molecules is called a _________.

A

solution

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14
Q

If the solution is a liquid, the material being dissolved is the ________, and the liquid it is being dissolved in is called the ________.

A

Solute, Solvent

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15
Q

The physical states of matter are generally grouped into ____ main states?

A

Three

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16
Q

What are the three main states of matter?

A

Solid, Liquid, and Gas

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17
Q

_______ are rigid; they maintain their shape and have strong inter-molecular forces.

A

Solid

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18
Q

_______ cannot maintain their shape; they conform to their containers but contain forces strong enough to keep molecules from dispersing into spaces.

A

Liquids

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19
Q

______ have indefinite shape; they disperse rapidly through space due to random movement of particles and are able to occupy any volume. They are held together by weak forces.

A

Gases

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20
Q

Changes in what two things cause matter to change states?

A

Pressure and Temperature

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21
Q

When a solid changes to a liquid, what is that called?

A

Melting

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22
Q

When a liquid changes to a solid, what is that called?

A

Freezing

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23
Q

When a liquid changes to a gas, what is that called?

A

Evaporation

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24
Q

When a gas changes to a liquid, what is that called?

A

Condensation

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25
Q

When a solid changes to a gas, what is that called?

A

Sublimation

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26
Q

When a gas changes to a solid, what is that called?

A

Deposition

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27
Q

A _________ ________ occurs when there is a conversion of one set of chemical substances to another set.

A

Chemical reaction

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28
Q

In a chemical reaction, the starting substances are called the _________.

A

Reagents or Reactants

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29
Q

In a chemical reaction, the ending substances are called the ________.

A

Products

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30
Q

An ____ can be defined as a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H +) in solution.

A

Acid

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31
Q

A ____ produces hydroxide ions (OH -)

A

Base

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32
Q

Common characteristics of acidic solutions are:

A
  • They have a sour taste
  • React strongly to metals
  • pH between 0 - 7
  • Examples are orange juice and vinegar
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33
Q

Common characteristics of bases are:

A
  • Taste bitter
  • Slippery texture
  • pH between 7 - 14
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34
Q

A neutral solution, which has the same concentration of

hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions, have a pH of ___?

A

7

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35
Q

Name 4 acids according to the pH scale?

A
  1. Upset stomach acid
  2. sodas
  3. coffee
  4. Lemons
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36
Q

Name 4 bases according to the pH scale?

A
  1. Bleach
  2. Baking soda
  3. Eggs
  4. Sea Water
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37
Q

A ______ is any solution that exhibits very little change in its pH when small amounts of an acid or base are added to it.

A

Buffer

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38
Q

Name 4 neutral solutions according to the pH scale?

A
  1. Pure Water
  2. Milk
  3. Human Saliva
  4. Blood
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39
Q

________ are measurements that have a quantity but no direction.

A

Scalars

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40
Q

In contract to Scalars, ______ have both quantity and direction.

A

Vectors

41
Q

_______ is a scalar: it describes how far an object has traveled along a path.

A

Distance

42
Q

____________ is a vector: it describes how far an object has traveled from its starting position.

A

Displacement

43
Q

_____ describes how quickly something is moving.

A

Speed

44
Q

________ is the rate at which an object changes position.

A

Velocity

45
Q

____________ is how quickly an object changes velocity.

A

Acceleration

46
Q

A push or pull that causes an object to move or change direction is called ______.

A

Force

47
Q

________ is the attraction of one mass to another mass.

A

Gravity

48
Q

An object that is at rest or moving with a constant speed has a net force of zero, meaning all the forces acting on it cancel each other out. Such an object is said to at _______________.

A

Equilibrium

49
Q

Explain Newton’s First Law of motion:

A

An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion, unless acted on by a force.

50
Q

Explain Newton’s Second Law of motion:

A

Force is equal to the mass of an object multiplied by its acceleration (F = ma)

51
Q

Explain Newton’s Third Law of motion:

A

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

52
Q

What are 3 examples of simple machines?

A
  1. Lever
  2. Inclined Plane
  3. Wedge
53
Q

_______ occurs when motion is impeded because one object is rubbing against another object.

A

Friction

54
Q

_______ is the force caused by pulling an object or hanging an object a rope.

A

Tension

55
Q

______ is the capacity of an object to work. In other words, it is the capacity of an object to cause some movement of change.

A

Energy

56
Q

What are the two types of energy?

A

Kinetic and Potential energy

57
Q

_______ energy is the energy possessed by objects in motion.

A

Kinetic

58
Q

_________ energy is possessed by objects that have the potential to be in motion due to their position.

A

Potential

Explanation:

A book held 10 feet off the ground has more potential energy than a book held 5 feet off the ground, because it has the potential to fall farther (i.e., to do more work).

59
Q

What are the different types of potential energy?

A
  1. Gravitational Potential Energy
  2. Electric Potential Energy
  3. Elastic Potential Energy
  4. Chemical Potential Energy
60
Q

__________ is the special name given to the kinetic energy of all the atoms or molecules in a substance.

A

Temperature

Explanation:

While it may not look like an substance is not in motion, in fact, its atoms are constantly spinning and vibrating.

61
Q

_____ is the movement of energy from one substance to another.

A

Heat

62
Q

What are three ways heat energy can be transferred?

A
  1. Radiation
  2. Convection
  3. Conduction
63
Q

__________ does not need a medium; the sun radiates energy to the earth through the vacuum of space.

A

Radiation

64
Q

__________ occurs when two substances are in contact with each other.

A

Conduction

Example:

When a pan is placed on a hot stove, the heat energy is conducted from the stove to the pan and then the food in the pan.

65
Q

____________ transfers energy through circular movement of air or liquids.

A

Convection

Example:

A convection oven transfers heat through circular movement caused by hot air rising and cold air sinking

66
Q

Energy can also be transferred through ______, which are repeating pulses of energy.

A

waves

67
Q

Waves that travel through a medium, like ripples on a pond or compressions in a Slinky, are called ___________ waves.

A

Mechanical

68
Q

Waves that vibrate up and down (like ripples on a pond) are _______ waves.

A

transverse

69
Q

Waves that travel through compression (like the Slinky) are ___________ waves.

A

Longitudinal

70
Q

A wave’s highest highest point is called its _______.

A

Crest

71
Q

A wave’s lowest point is called its _______.

A

trough

72
Q

A wave’s midline is halfway between the crest and trough; the _________ describes the distance between the midline and the crest (trough).

A

Amplitude

73
Q

A wave’s _______ is the time it takes for a wave to go through one complete cycle.

A

period

74
Q

The number of cycles a wave goes through in a specific period of time is its __________.

A

frequency

75
Q

_______ is a special type of longitudinal wave created by vibrations.

A

Sound

76
Q

The frequency, or rate, of the vibration determines the sound’s ______.

A

Pitch

77
Q

________ depends on the amplitude, or height, of a sound wave.

A

Loudness

78
Q

The ___________ is the difference in perceived pitch caused by the motion of the object creating the wave.

A

Doppler Effect

79
Q

___________ waves are composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and thus do not require medium to travel through.

A

Electromagnetic

80
Q

The study of light is called _______.

A

optics

81
Q

Light can _____, or bend, when it travels through substances such as water.

A

refract

82
Q

Materials that conduct electrons well are called __________.

A

Conductors

83
Q

Materials that do not conduct electrons well are __________.

A

Insulators

84
Q

___________ is the movement of electrons through a conductor.

A

Electricity

85
Q

What are 3 substances that are used to produce Permanent Magnets?

A
  1. Iron
  2. Nickel
  3. Cobalt
86
Q

________ and _______ are small rocky or icy objects that orbit the sun.

A

Asteroids and comets

87
Q

________ consists of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity.

A

Galaxies

88
Q

______ are hot balls of plasma and gases.

A

Stars

89
Q

A ______ eclipse occurs when Earth lines up between the moon and the sun; the moon moves into the shadow of Earth and appears dark in color.

A

Lunar

90
Q

A _____ eclipse occurs when the moon lines up between earth and the sun, the moon covers the sun, blocking sunlight.

A

Solar

91
Q

_______ is the study of the minerals and rocks that make up the earth.

A

Geology

92
Q

A _______ is a naturally occurring, solid, inorganic substance with a crystalline structure.

A

mineral

93
Q

What are the three types of rocks?

A
  1. Igneous
  2. Sedimentary
  3. Metamorphic
94
Q

_______ rocks are the result of tectonic processes that bring magma, or melted rock, to the earth’s surface.

A

Igneous

95
Q

__________ rocks are formed from the compaction of rock fragments that results from weathering erosion.

A

Sedimentary

96
Q

___________ rocks form when extreme temperature and pressure cause the structure of pre-exisitng to rocks to change.

A

Metamorphic

97
Q

__________ is the mechanical and/or chemical processes by which rocks break down.

A

Weathering

98
Q

____________, the study of the history of life on Earth is sometimes also considered part of geology.

A

Paleontology

AFOQT (4 decks)

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