Physical Science Flashcards
State of matter where the particles are very close together
Solid
State of matter where the particles are closer together than a gas but farther apart than a solid
Liquid
State of matter where the particles are very far apart
Gas
Results in change in the size and shape by: tearing, folding, melting, freezing, evaporating, or cutting
Physical change
Results in any change that forms new substances at the molecular level by: rotting, burning, cooking, or rusting
Chemical change
Rapid vaporization of a liquid (liquid to gas)
Boiling
Water that collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it (gas to liquid)
Condensation
Vaporization of a liquid that occurs from the surface of a liquid into a gaseous phase (liquid to gas)
Evaporation
A material system made up of two or more different substances that are mixed but are not combined chemically
Mixture
Type of mixture where you cannot see the different individual parts
Homogeneous mixture
Type of mixture where you can see the different individual parts
Heterogeneous mixture
Type of homogeneous mixture where one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance. Particles do not settle and cannot be separated out by ordinary filtering. Example: gels, emulsions
Colloid mixture
Type of heterogeneous mixture that contains solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation. Example: orange juice, salad dressing
Suspension mixture
Type of homogeneous mixture where the dissolving agent is the solvent. Example: salt water, sugar water.
Solution
A measure of acidity or alkalinity of water-soluble substances.
pH (percent hydrogen) scale
pH value of 7 is
neutral
pH value less than 7 is
acidic
pH value more than 7 is
alkaline (basic)
The smallest part of an element that retains its chemical properties. More than 99.4% of its mass is in the nucleus.
Atom
Negatively charged subatomic particles that circle around the atom’s nucleus
Electrons
Neutrally charged subatomic particles that are located in the atom’s nucleus
Neutrons
Positively charged subatomic particles that are located in the atom’s nucleus
Protons
More than 100 substances that cannot be chemically interconverted or broken down into simpler substances and are primary constituents of matter
Elements
How an element is identified. It is also the number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms.
Atomic number
What are the different ways elements are classified within the periodic table?
Groups & Periods, Metals, Nonmetals, & Metalloids, and Noble gases
the impulse for which a chemical substance undergoes a chemical reaction, either by itself or with other materials, with an overall release of energy.
reactivity
What happens to the reactivity of metals as you move down and to the left to the periodic table?
Reactivity increases
The smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has the chemical properties of that element or compound (Example: H2O)
Molecule
What are the 6 characteristics of water?
Cohesion, Adhesion, High-specific heat, High heat of evaporation, Lower density of ice, and High polarity
Composed of two or more elements bonded together (examples: CO2, H2O, CH4)
Compounds
Charged elements or molecules that have lost or gained one or more electrons
Ions
Two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
Isotopes
Property of water that causes it to be attracted to its own molecules
Cohesion
Property of water that causes it to be attracted to other molecules
Adhesion
Property of water that allows it to moderate temperature
High-specific heat
Property of water that gives off a cooling effect, like when humans sweat.
High heat of evaporation
Property of water that makes it less dense than ice, causing ice to float in water
Lower density of ice
Property of water that makes it a powerful solvent
High polarity
Any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object.
A force
The force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other
Friction
A body in motion stays in motion or a body at rest remains at rest, unless acted upon by a force
Newton’s first law of motion
For a constant mass, force equals mass times acceleration (F = m x a)
Newton’s second law of motion
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
Newton’s third law of motion
A state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced
Equilibrium
The force exerted by magnets when they attract or repel each other
Magnetism
The amount of matter an object has to its volume
Density
Density equation
mass/volume
Type of energy where the object is in motion.
Kinetic energy
Type of energy possessed by an object/individual by virtue of its position relative to others, stresses within itself, electric charge, and other factors.
Potential energy
energy stored in objects by tension. (examples: Compressed springs and stretched rubber bands)
Mechanical energy
delivered by tiny charged particles called electrons, typically moving through a wire. Lightning is an example.
Electrical energy
energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules.
Chemical energy
AKA heat, is the energy that comes from the movement of atoms and molecules in a substance. Heat increases when these particles move faster.
Thermal energy
the exchange of thermal energy between physical systems
Heat transfer
The transfer of heat by the actual movement of the warmed matter.
Convection
The transfer of heat from particle to particle.
Conduction
The transfer of heat from electromagnetic waves through space.
Radiation
The flow of an electric charge
Electricity
path for transmitting electric current. Must be closed to fully power things.
Electrical circuit
Type of circuit where the components are arranged end to end.
Series circuits
Type of circuit with branches that allows multiple applications to happen at once
Parallel circuits
A giant spark of electricity in the atmosphere between clouds, the air, or the ground
Lightning
List some good conductors of electricity
wire, metal, water
List some bad conductors of electricity
rubber, cloth, styrofoam
an explanation of an aspect of the natural world/universe that is based on a body of evidence and many experiments, trials, and tests over time.
scientific theory
describe the mechanisms for natural events
scientific explanations
regularities or mathematical descriptions of natural phenomena
scientific laws
used by scientists as an idea that may contribute important new knowledge for the evaluation of a scientific theory
hypothesis
A body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry is commonly based on empirical or measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.
Scientific method
a procedure carried out to refute or validate a hypothesis
experiment
the element manipulated in an experiment
independent variable
the element being measured during an experiment
dependent variable
the elements of an experiment that a scientist wants to remain constant, so the scientist can observe them as carefully as the dependent variables
control variables
