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Praxis Science > Physical Science > Flashcards

Physical Science Flashcards

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1
Q

State of matter where the particles are very close together

A

Solid

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2
Q

State of matter where the particles are closer together than a gas but farther apart than a solid

A

Liquid

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3
Q

State of matter where the particles are very far apart

A

Gas

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4
Q

Results in change in the size and shape by: tearing, folding, melting, freezing, evaporating, or cutting

A

Physical change

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5
Q

Results in any change that forms new substances at the molecular level by: rotting, burning, cooking, or rusting

A

Chemical change

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6
Q

Rapid vaporization of a liquid (liquid to gas)

A

Boiling

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7
Q

Water that collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it (gas to liquid)

A

Condensation

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8
Q

Vaporization of a liquid that occurs from the surface of a liquid into a gaseous phase (liquid to gas)

A

Evaporation

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9
Q

A material system made up of two or more different substances that are mixed but are not combined chemically

A

Mixture

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10
Q

Type of mixture where you cannot see the different individual parts

A

Homogeneous mixture

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11
Q

Type of mixture where you can see the different individual parts

A

Heterogeneous mixture

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12
Q

Type of homogeneous mixture where one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance. Particles do not settle and cannot be separated out by ordinary filtering. Example: gels, emulsions

A

Colloid mixture

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13
Q

Type of heterogeneous mixture that contains solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation. Example: orange juice, salad dressing

A

Suspension mixture

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14
Q

Type of homogeneous mixture where the dissolving agent is the solvent. Example: salt water, sugar water.

A

Solution

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15
Q

A measure of acidity or alkalinity of water-soluble substances.

A

pH (percent hydrogen) scale

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16
Q

pH value of 7 is

A

neutral

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17
Q

pH value less than 7 is

A

acidic

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18
Q

pH value more than 7 is

A

alkaline (basic)

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19
Q

The smallest part of an element that retains its chemical properties. More than 99.4% of its mass is in the nucleus.

A

Atom

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20
Q

Negatively charged subatomic particles that circle around the atom’s nucleus

A

Electrons

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21
Q

Neutrally charged subatomic particles that are located in the atom’s nucleus

A

Neutrons

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22
Q

Positively charged subatomic particles that are located in the atom’s nucleus

A

Protons

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23
Q

More than 100 substances that cannot be chemically interconverted or broken down into simpler substances and are primary constituents of matter

A

Elements

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24
Q

How an element is identified. It is also the number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms.

A

Atomic number

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25
Q

What are the different ways elements are classified within the periodic table?

A

Groups & Periods, Metals, Nonmetals, & Metalloids, and Noble gases

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26
Q

the impulse for which a chemical substance undergoes a chemical reaction, either by itself or with other materials, with an overall release of energy.

A

reactivity

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27
Q

What happens to the reactivity of metals as you move down and to the left to the periodic table?

A

Reactivity increases

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28
Q

The smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has the chemical properties of that element or compound (Example: H2O)

A

Molecule

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29
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of water?

A

Cohesion, Adhesion, High-specific heat, High heat of evaporation, Lower density of ice, and High polarity

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30
Q

Composed of two or more elements bonded together (examples: CO2, H2O, CH4)

A

Compounds

31
Q

Charged elements or molecules that have lost or gained one or more electrons

A

Ions

32
Q

Two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

A

Isotopes

33
Q

Property of water that causes it to be attracted to its own molecules

A

Cohesion

34
Q

Property of water that causes it to be attracted to other molecules

A

Adhesion

35
Q

Property of water that allows it to moderate temperature

A

High-specific heat

36
Q

Property of water that gives off a cooling effect, like when humans sweat.

A

High heat of evaporation

37
Q

Property of water that makes it less dense than ice, causing ice to float in water

A

Lower density of ice

38
Q

Property of water that makes it a powerful solvent

A

High polarity

39
Q

Any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object.

A

A force

40
Q

The force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other

A

Friction

41
Q

A body in motion stays in motion or a body at rest remains at rest, unless acted upon by a force

A

Newton’s first law of motion

42
Q

For a constant mass, force equals mass times acceleration (F = m x a)

A

Newton’s second law of motion

43
Q

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

A

Newton’s third law of motion

44
Q

A state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced

A

Equilibrium

45
Q

The force exerted by magnets when they attract or repel each other

A

Magnetism

46
Q

The amount of matter an object has to its volume

A

Density

47
Q

Density equation

A

mass/volume

48
Q

Type of energy where the object is in motion.

A

Kinetic energy

49
Q

Type of energy possessed by an object/individual by virtue of its position relative to others, stresses within itself, electric charge, and other factors.

A

Potential energy

50
Q

energy stored in objects by tension. (examples: Compressed springs and stretched rubber bands)

A

Mechanical energy

51
Q

delivered by tiny charged particles called electrons, typically moving through a wire. Lightning is an example.

A

Electrical energy

52
Q

energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules.

A

Chemical energy

53
Q

AKA heat, is the energy that comes from the movement of atoms and molecules in a substance. Heat increases when these particles move faster.

A

Thermal energy

54
Q

the exchange of thermal energy between physical systems

A

Heat transfer

55
Q

The transfer of heat by the actual movement of the warmed matter.

A

Convection

56
Q

The transfer of heat from particle to particle.

A

Conduction

57
Q

The transfer of heat from electromagnetic waves through space.

A

Radiation

58
Q

The flow of an electric charge

A

Electricity

59
Q

path for transmitting electric current. Must be closed to fully power things.

A

Electrical circuit

60
Q

Type of circuit where the components are arranged end to end.

A

Series circuits

61
Q

Type of circuit with branches that allows multiple applications to happen at once

A

Parallel circuits

62
Q

A giant spark of electricity in the atmosphere between clouds, the air, or the ground

A

Lightning

63
Q

List some good conductors of electricity

A

wire, metal, water

64
Q

List some bad conductors of electricity

A

rubber, cloth, styrofoam

65
Q

an explanation of an aspect of the natural world/universe that is based on a body of evidence and many experiments, trials, and tests over time.

A

scientific theory

66
Q

describe the mechanisms for natural events

A

scientific explanations

67
Q

regularities or mathematical descriptions of natural phenomena

A

scientific laws

68
Q

used by scientists as an idea that may contribute important new knowledge for the evaluation of a scientific theory

A

hypothesis

69
Q

A body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry is commonly based on empirical or measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.

A

Scientific method

70
Q

a procedure carried out to refute or validate a hypothesis

A

experiment

71
Q

the element manipulated in an experiment

A

independent variable

72
Q

the element being measured during an experiment

A

dependent variable

73
Q

the elements of an experiment that a scientist wants to remain constant, so the scientist can observe them as carefully as the dependent variables

A

control variables

Praxis Science (3 decks)

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