Life Science

Question 1

Things that have physical entities and biological processes (such as homeostasis, cell division, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis)

Answer 1

Living things/animate

Question 2

Things that do not have biological processes

Answer 2

Nonliving things/inanimate

Question 3

What are the three components of Cell Theory?

Answer 3

1) All living things are composed of cells
2) The cell is the smallest unit of life
3) All cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 4

Describe the organization of life (in order of smallest to largest)

Answer 4

Cells < Tissues < Organs < Organ Systems < Organisms

Question 5

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle. DNA floats freely throughout the cell.

Answer 5

Prokaryote

Question 6

A multicellular organism that contains a nucleus, mitochondria, and membrane-bound organelles.

Answer 6

Eukaryote

Question 7

What are the two domains of prokaryotes?

Answer 7

Archaea and Bacteria

Question 8

Structures within the cell membrane or cell wall

Answer 8

Organelles

Question 9

Fluid, permeable outside covering of the cell. Called a cell wall in plant cells, and it is rigis.

Answer 9

Cellular Membrane

Question 10

Controls the rest of the cell. This is where the DNA lives in eukaryotic cells.

Answer 10

Nucleus

Question 11

Energy source of the cell; they use aerobic respiration to generate ADP, which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy.

Answer 11

Mitochondria

Question 12

the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell. It is composed of water, salts, and various organic molecules.

Answer 12

Cytoplasm

Question 13

What are the main differences between plant and animal cells?

Answer 13

1) Plant cells have a cell wall, which provides structure and support, while animal cells have a plasma membrane.
2) Plant cells contain chloroplasts, which are responsible for photosynthesis, while animal cells do not.
3) Plant cells have a larger central vacuole, which stores nutrients and waste, while animal cells have smaller, more numerous vacuoles.
4) Plant cells are autotrophs (make their own food) and do so through photosynthesis. Animal cells are heterotrophs and need to consume food which they will use to create ATP/energy through cellular respiration.

Question 14

Photosynthesis formula

Answer 14

CO2 + H20 + light = carbohydrates + O2

Question 15

Cellular respiration formula

Answer 15

Carbohydrates + O2 = CO2 and H20

Question 16

Form of reproduction that involves two parents, where each parent contributes a gamete to the process.

Answer 16

Sexual reproduction

Question 17

Sex cells (in males = sperm, in females = ova)

Answer 17

gametes

Question 18

Involves only one parent. There are four main types.

Answer 18

Asexual reproduction

Question 19

When a single parent cell doubles its DNA, then divides into two cells. Usually occurs in bacteria.

Answer 19

Binary fission

Question 20

When a small growth on the surface of a parent cell breaks off to continue growing into adulthood. Typically occurs in yeast and some animals (like corals and hydras).

Answer 20

Budding

Question 21

When a piece of an organism breaks off, and those pieces develop into a new organism. Happens with starfish and planaria.

Answer 21

Fragmentation

Question 22

When an embryo develops from an unfertilized cell. This occurs in invertebrates as well as in some fish, amphibians, and reptiles.

Answer 22

Parthenogenesis

Question 23

Type of cell division- is a series of steps in creating an identical cell from another cell

Answer 23

Mitosis

Question 24

Stage where the cell prepares for division. It plumps up and replicates its DNA within its nucleus.

Answer 24

Interphase

Question 25

Stage of cellular replication where the DNA tightly coils into chromosomes to make splitting efficient. The nuclear membrane dissolves. The microtubes or spindle fibers move to opposite sides of the cell.

Answer 25

Prophase

Question 26

Stage of cellular replication where the chromosomes (tightly coiled DNA) move to the middle of the cell. The spindle fibers attach to each chromosome.

Answer 26

Metaphase

Question 27

Stage of cellular replication where the spindle fibers begin to pull apart the chromosomes, bringing them to opposite sides of the cell for efficient splitting.

Answer 27

Anaphase

Question 28

Stage of cellular replication where, with the chromosomes at either side of the cell, the two new cells pinch off, forming two identical sister cells of the original cells.

Answer 28

Telophase

Question 29

When the cell separates into two cells during the final stage of mitosis.

Answer 29

Cytokinesis

Question 30

Type of cell division that ensures humans have the same number of chromosomes in each generation. It is a two-step process that reduces the chromosome number by half to form sperm and egg cells.

Answer 30

Meiosis

Question 31

How many chromosomes are in a cell? How many pairs?

Answer 31

each cell in the human body has 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total chromosomes)

Question 32

('three bodies') means the affected person has three copies of one of the chromosomes instead of two. This means they have 47 chromosomes instead of 46.

Answer 32

Trisomy

Question 33

Humans usually have 46 total chromosomes, with ___ sex chromosomes that determine sex and ___ chromosomes that direct other factors, such as growth and function.

Answer 33

2; 44

Question 34

The molecule inside cells that contains the genetic information responsible for the development and function of an organism.

Answer 34

DNA

Question 35

The four nitrogen bases

Answer 35

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine

Question 36

joins together nucleotides in a DNA sequence; it forms the structural framework of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA. It is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, and defines directionality of the molecule.

Answer 36

Sugar phosphate backbone

Question 37

__ pair with Ts __ pair with Gs

Answer 37

As; Cs

Question 38

Organic compounds that form proteins. Coded for by the four nitrogen bases on the DNA. Chains of these make proteins.

Answer 38

Amino Acids

Question 39

Give a summary of the process of DNA replication (3 steps)

Answer 39

1) The DNA unzips 2) Free-flowing nucleotides bind to their corresponding base pairs 3) Two identical DNA strands are the result

Question 40

The basic physical and functional unit of heredity. These are made up of DNA and they act as instructions to make molecules called proteins.

Answer 40

Genes

Question 41

Each person has ___ copies of each gene

Answer 41

Two (one inherited from each parent)

Question 42

Forms of the same gene with slight differences in their sequence of DNA bases

Answer 42

Alleles

Question 43

When the effect of one phenotype of one allele masks the contribution of a second allele at the same locus

Answer 43

Dominance

Question 44

Known as the Father of Genetics for his work with pea plants in the 19th century. Coined the terms recessive and dominant.

Answer 44

Gregor Mendel

Question 45

The process of transformation from an immature form to an adult form in two or more distinct stages

Answer 45

Metamorphosis

Question 46

Type of metamorphosis in insects that consists of four stages: egg, larva, pupa, imago

Answer 46

Complete metamorphosis

Question 47

Type of metamorphosis in insects that consists of three stages: egg, nymph, and adult. The pupa stage is not developed.

Answer 47

Incomplete metamorphosis

Question 48

the change in heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations

Answer 48

evolution

Question 49

T or F: organisms evolve

Answer 49

F; organisms do not evolve, only populations

Question 50

a heritable trait that has evolved through the process of natural selection, and maintains or increases the fitness of an organism under a given set of environmental conditions

Answer 50

Adaptation

Question 51

a change in the DNA sequence of an organism. Can result from errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection.

Answer 51

Mutations

Question 52

animals that are not capable of regulating their body’s temperature according to the temperature of the surrounding

Answer 52

cold-blooded animals

Question 53

animals that are capable of maintaining a nearly constant body temperature regardless of the temperature of the environment (for example by sweating/shivering)

Answer 53

warm-blooded animals

Question 54

Type of circulatory system where the blood is pumped into the body cavity and is not enclosed in blood vessels (found in most invertebrates)

Answer 54

Open circulatory system

Question 55

Type of circulatory system where the blood is pumped by the heart and is enclosed in blood vessels (found in most vertebrates)

Answer 55

Closed circulatory system

Question 56

Human system responsible for the flow of blood, nutrients, oxygen and other gases, and hormones to and from cells

Answer 56

Circulatory & Respiratory System

Question 57

Human system responsible for taking in food and breaking it up into nutrients the body will use for fuel. It is also responsible for removing the waste left over after the food is processed.

Answer 57

Digestive & Excretory System

Question 58

Human system that serves as the "master control system" - oversees function of the brain, spinal cord, neurons, and hormones

Answer 58

Nervous, Endocrine & Immune System

Question 59

Person who created the Classification of Living Things, set forth in his Systema Naturae

Answer 59

Carl Linnaeus

Question 60

Go through the Taxonomy of Linnaeus, in order from largest to smallest

Answer 60

Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species

Question 61

What are the three domains? (classification)

Answer 61

Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukaryote

Question 62

What are the six Kingdoms?

Answer 62

Eubacteria, Archae, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

Question 63

What are the "functional levels" that make up life?

Answer 63

species, populations, communities, and ecosystems

Question 64

A group of interbreeding organisms that do not ordinarily breed with members of other groups

Answer 64

Species

Question 65

Comprises all the individuals of a given species in a specific area or region at a certain time. These groups can evolve over time because of genetic variation.

Answer 65

Populations

Question 66

All the populations in a specific area or region at a certain time. There are many interactions among species in these groups (i.e., food webs).

Answer 66

Communities

Question 67

group of organisms linked in order of the food they eat, from producers to consumers, and from prey, predators, scavengers, and decomposers (basically: who eats who)

Answer 67

Food chain

Question 68

consists of all the food chains in a single ecosystem

Answer 68

Food web

Question 69

The dynamic entities composed of the biological (living) community and the abiotic (nonliving) environment

Answer 69

Ecosystems

Question 70

these organisms produce their own food from sunlight, co2, and water. Usually at the bottom tier of the food chain.

Answer 70

Producers

Question 71

These organisms eat their food (they do not produce it)

Answer 71

Consumers

Question 72

Herbivores (type of consumer)

Answer 72

Primary consumer

Question 73

eat the primary consumer (type of consumer)

Answer 73

Secondary consumer

Question 74

eat the secondary consumers and are usually carnivores (type of consumer)

Answer 74

Tertiary consumer

Question 75

eat the tertiary consumers and are carnivores (type of consumer); also known as apex predator

Answer 75

Quaternary consumers

Question 76

These organisms turn dead material, such as an animal carcass or a dead tree, into soil by recycling nutrients as food

Answer 76

Decomposers

Question 77

As you move up the energy pyramid, what happens to energy?

Answer 77

It is reduced

Question 78

The interaction among organisms within or between overlapping niches; can be characterized into five types

Answer 78

Ecological relationships

Question 79

When two or more organisms rely on the same environmental resource

Answer 79

Competition

Question 80

Behavior of one animal feeding on another

Answer 80

Predation

Question 81

Interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association

Answer 81

Symbiosis

Question 82

A symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit

Answer 82

Mutualism

Question 83

A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and one does not benefit but is unharmed

Answer 83

Commensalism

Question 84

A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and one is harmed

Answer 84

Parasitism

Question 85

The maximum population of a particular organism that a given environment can support without detrimental effects

Answer 85

Carrying capacity