Physical properties of Hydrocarbons Bioloing point and melting point

Question 1

percentage of s character and p character in a given spx

Answer 1

sp s chracter =50 p character=50
sp2 s chracter =33 p character 67
sp3= s chracdter 25 p charactrre 75

Question 2

how to determin the hybrization

Answer 2

add number of attached atoms to the number of non bonding electron pair ( non- delocalized)

number of attached atoms plus the number of lone pairs are equal to the number of orbitals compbined to make a new hybridzed orbital

of attached atom + # lone pair =2 = sp (hybridization)= bond angles (ideal) 180 = molecualr geometry linear

of attached atom + # lone pair =3 = sp2 =bond angles 120 = trigonal planar

of attached atom + # lone pair sp3 ( hybridization) 109.5 tetrahedral

Question 3

sigma bond

Pi bond

Answer 3

consist 2 electrons that are localize between 2 nuclei
as with a sigma bond

a pi bond is formed by the proper , parallel side to side alignment of 2 unhybridized p orbitals on adjacent atoms

Question 4

MCAT what is saturated and un saturated

queston

Answer 4

saturated contains no pi bonds and unsaturaed have a least one pi bond or a ring

saturated compound with n carbon atoms has exactly 2n+2 hydrogen atoms

unsaturated has fewer 2n+2 hyrdogen

formula for the degree of unsaturated d of simple organic ompounds is (2n+2)-x/2

n=number of carbons
x= number of hydroges

x represents the number of hydrogen and any monovalent atoms ( such as halogen s F , Cl, Br, or I )

oxygen has no effect its igonore

nitrogen containg compound replace each N by 1 C and 1 H using the formula

one degree of unsaturateion indciates the presence of pi bond or one ring

2 degrees unsautation means 2 pi bonds
examples
what is the degree of unsaturation for (C4H8)

d= [2(4+2)-8]/2=1 form one double bond

4 chlorbuten (c4H7Cl)

d= [2.4+2)-(7+1)]/2=1

methoxyethene ( C3H6O) also has one degree of unsaturation

each oxygen or divalent atom

replace one carbon and 2 hydrogen ( CH2 groups aometimes refereed to a methylene group so

D= [( 2(3+1)+2 )- (6+2)] /2=1
since divalent atom such oxyge can take the place of methylene group it doesnt affect the degree of unsaturation

remember nitrogen replaae one carbon and 1 hydrogen

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