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Geography > Physical Paper 1-water And Carbon Cycles > Flashcards

Physical Paper 1-water And Carbon Cycles Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an input

A

The addition of energy and or matter into a system

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2
Q

What is an output

A

The results of a process within a system

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3
Q

What is a system

A

A set of interrelated components working towards some kind of process

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4
Q

What is an open system

A

Where matter and energy can be transferred in and out of the system boundary into the surrounding environment

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5
Q

What is a closed system

A

Transfer of energy both in and out of the system boundary but not the transfer of matter

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6
Q

What is an isolated system

A

No interactions with anything outside their system boundary. No Imput or output of energy or matter

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7
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium

A

When Imputs and outputs of a system are balanced despite changing conditions. However if one of the elements changes then the equilibrium will be distrusted and imputs inc and outputs don’t their is feedback as a result.

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8
Q

What is positive feedback

A

Where the effects of an action are enhanced or multiplied by subsequent knock on effects

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9
Q

What is an example of positive feedback

A

Global temps rise- ice melts- releases trapped co2- more heat trapped in atmosphere- global temps rise more

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10
Q

What is negative feedback

A

Where the effects of an action are reduced or nullified by subsequent knock on features

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11
Q

An example of negative feedback

A

Humans burn fossil fuels- increased co2 in the atmosphere- increased plant growth- inc uptake of co2 by plants

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12
Q

What are earths 4 major subsystems

A

Atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere

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13
Q

Summary of atmosphere

A

Gaseous layer that envelopes the world ‘air’ is held around the planet by the force of gravity

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14
Q

Summary of lithosphere

A

Solid outermost part of earth made up of mostly rock. Includes crust and upper mantle

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15
Q

Summary of hydrosphere

A

All water on earth collectively. Found in air,soil,glaciers,oceans,rivers,lakes,streams. Also found in solid liquid and gas.

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16
Q

Summary of biosphere

A

Water found in all the living organisms on earth- found in all earth spheres

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17
Q

What is a water store and examples

A

Places where water is held for a period of time. Oceans,lakes,rivers,puddles,atmosphere,ground,aquifers,plants,ice

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18
Q

What is a water transfer and examples

A

Processes involved in transferring water between stores. Precipitation, evaporation, condensation,transpiration,surface run off,infiltration

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19
Q

Links between hydrosphere and atmosphere

A

Water is a component of air, water cycle, gasses trapped in ice, oceans store carbon

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20
Q

Links between hydrosphere and lithosphere

A

Soil has water, freeze thaw weathering, hydraulic action in a river erodes rocks, plate movement can cause tsunami

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21
Q

Links between hydrosphere and biosphere

A

All living things need water to survive, photosynthesis, some animals live in water

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22
Q

Inks between atmosphere and lithosphere

A

Gasses get trapped in rocks, fossil fuels release co2, volcanic ash releases co2 into the atmosphere

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23
Q

Links between atmosphere and biosphere

A

All living things respire, cows release methane, photosynthesis, decomposition

24
Q

Links between lithosphere and biosphere

A

Animals live in soil, formation of fossils, porous rocks have insects, plant roots stabilise soil and grow into rocks, decomposition

25
Q

How much water is stored in oceans

A

96.5%

26
Q

How much freshwater is stored in glaciers and ice caps

A

68%

27
Q

How much surface water is stored in the ground

A

69%

28
Q

How much freshwater is stored in underground reserviours

A

30%

29
Q

Oceanic water details

A

Cover 72% earths surfaces and 97% earths water. Water is saline- salt makes up 3.5%. It’s alkaline-8.14 but has fallen due to atmospheric carbon. As acidity increases it causes problems with respiration, photosynthesis and so on.

30
Q

What is the crysphere and what does it include

A

Portions of earths surface where water is solid- ice.
It includes- sea ice, permafrost, ice caps, alpine glaciers, ice sheets

31
Q

What are ice caps

A

Thick layers of ice on land that are smaller than 50000km2 normally in mountainous areas- starting point for many glaciers. E.g ice cap on Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa is its only remaining ice cap and is rapidly melting.

32
Q

What are ice sheets and examples

A

E.g Greenland and Antarctica- sea levels rise is melts. Ice shelves are platforms of ice that form when ice sheets and glaciers move out into the ocean. Ice bergs are chunks of ice that move into ocean after breaking of ice shelves. Huge mass of ice- layers of snow pile up. Flowing downhill under own weight. Frozen all year round

33
Q

Alpine glaciers and examples

A

Found in deep valleys or upland hollows. Are fed by ice caps. Important in Himalayas- supply water for glaciers e.g indus and Ganges. Lifeline of millions of people in south Asian countries su h as nepal Pakistan India and Bangladeshi

34
Q

What is perma frost

A

Ground water that remains frozen for atlas 2 years. 1-1500m as climate warms permafrost has begun. To melt which releases large amounts of carbon.

35
Q

What is the tryophere and types of terrestrial water

A

All the surface or underground water. Includes ground water, surface water, soil water, biological water

36
Q

Surface water, examples and extra info

A

Free flowing water of rivers, ponds and lakes. Rivers act as a store and transfer of water in a canal. E.g the amazon river which is the largest in the world 1/5 total river flow. Lakes- collection of freshwater found 8n hollows of lands surface. E.g capstan sea- largest. Wetlands such as marsh and peatland are crutial for global biodiversity

37
Q

Ground water

A

Water that collects underground in porous spaces of rock. E.g bore hole in northern Russia- 13km deep. The depth at which pore spaces become completely saturated is called the water table. The amount of ground water is rapidly decreasing due to extraction for irrigating farmland in dry areas.

38
Q

What is soil water

A

Is that which is held together with air in unsaturated upper layer of earth. Fundamental for many hydrological, biological processes. Soil moisture key in controlling exchange of water and heat energy between lands surface through evaporation and plant transpiration. Development in weather and precipitation levels.

39
Q

What is biological water

A

All water is stored in earths biomass (living things) it varies across the world depending on vegetation type e.g rainforest stores far more water. Treees take in water from roots and transported and stored in trunks and branches and then lost through transpiration through stoma. Plants can be adapted to hold water- cacti.

40
Q

Atmospheric water stores

A

Water held In the air. It exists in 3 states- solid liquid gas. The amount of water that can be held depends on temp of the air- hot can hold more that’s why poles are dry and equator is humid.clouds are a visible mass of water droplets suspended in the atmosphere. Clouds are formed due to air in the lower layers of atmosphere being saturated due to cooling and when these grow it causes rain. Water vapour is important as it absorbs, reflects and scatters solar radiation keeping earth at a good temp.

41
Q

What is the analyse question structure

A

Pattern- general trend
Evidence- data
Anomaly-does not fit trend
Link-links between data sets
Manipulate- %change,range,mean

42
Q

What is precipitation

A

Transfer of water from atmosphere to ground: rain,sleet,snow,hail

43
Q

What is evaporation in terms of phase change

A

Transfer of water from liquid to gas. Most happens from oceans

44
Q

What is condensation in terms of phase change

A

Transfer of water from gas to liquid e.g clouds

45
Q

What is sublimation

A

Solid(ice)- gas(water vapour)

46
Q

What is deposition is phase change

A

Gas(water vapour) to solid (ice)

47
Q

What is latent heat

A

Energy absorbed or released by a substance during a change in its physical state that occurs without changing its temperature.

48
Q

Why is evaporation caused

A

Energy from solar radiation hitting surface of land or water

49
Q

Factors that might affect the rate of evaporation

A

-temp of air- warmer can hold more
-how much water there is
-amount of sunlight
-humidity- closer air is to saturation the slower rate of evaporation

50
Q

What is the dew point

A

When air cools then it will get to a temperature which it becomes saturated

51
Q

What happens at dew point

A

Excess water is converted to liquid in condensation.

52
Q

What can water molecules condense on in the air

A

Tiny particles such as smoke or dust. Or surfaces such as leaves and windows, these must have a temperature below the dew point. If below freezing deposition happens- frost

53
Q

What is a low pressure zone known as in tropical rainforests

A

ITCZ (intertropical convergence zone)

54
Q

What is the process of frontal rainfall

A

Warm less dense air and cold dense air are separated by a front. The warm air is forced to rise over the cold air. It cools and condenses to form clouds and precipitation.

55
Q

What is relief rainfall process

A

Evaporation of the sea and prevailing wind forces warm air to rise up the mountain. Air cools and condenses to form clouds and leaves a rain shadow on the other side. Dry air descends and warms.

56
Q

What are cryspheric processed key terms and what they mean

A

Accumulation- imput of snow/ice into an area
Abiation- the removal of snow/ ice out of an area

Geography (2 decks)

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