Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography > Paper 2-human Geography > Flashcards

Paper 2-human Geography Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

What is population density and words associated with it

A

How many people are in one square km of land in a country
Densely populated- contain many people
Sparsely- contain few

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is population distribution, what scales is it considered from and words to describe it

A

Is the pattern where people live
Considered from all areas local to global, in an area or a country.
Populations may be distributed evenly or unevenly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is exponential growth

A

Increase in the number of size at a rapidly growing rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the key physical elements affecting population density

A

Climate, soils, water supply, resource distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How can climate affect population density

A

If there is an arid, hot or cold climate this could cause a lack of crop growth so a lack of food so causes not many people to live in that place, decreasing population density.
Climate change can also cause sea levels to rise and flooding which can cause climate migration e.g tuvalu- New Zealand.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How can soils affect population density

A

More fertile soils can grow more crops which creates more food so more people would be likely to live or move there causing a higher population density e.g mount Etna has very fertile soils (volcanic soils) and people risk to live next to an active volcano because of the good crop growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How can water supply affect population density

A

If a low water supply it would be expensive to import and to therefore buy as well there will be a reduced crop growth and perhaps dehydration so not many people would live in those areas causing a lower population density. People like to live close to the water e.g Egypt where 95% of the pop live on 4% of the land by the river Nile.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can resource distribution affect population density

A

The availability of resources e.g coal, ores, metals increase job opportunity so more would live in that area increasing density e.g Rhine in Germany

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is natural change

A

The change in population brought about by the difference between death rate and birth rate. If BR exceeds death rate then the population will increase (natural increase). If DR exceeds birth rate then the population will decrease (natural decrease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is migration change

A

Migration of people who move in and out of a country will also cause population to change. Moving in- immigrants. Moving out-emigrants. The difference between immigrants entering and emigrants leaving is known as the net migration rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is fertility rate

A

Average number of children born per woman in a county (if they live above reproductive years)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why is fertility rate good (give 3 reasons)

A

More accurate than birth rate because BR doesn’t consider infant mortality rate, this does
-good indicator of future population change- if more born-higher population
-focuses only on those who can give birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is replacement fertility rate

A

Number of children each woman needs to maintain current population levels
If each woman had 2.1 it would stay the same
Over-population rise. Under- population decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is infant mortality rate

A

Number of children who die before their 1st birthday per 1000 births per year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is IMR out of 1000 people

A

So can compare with bigger countries/populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does it indicate if a IMR is high/low

A

high-bad healthcare, low income
Low-good healthcare, high income

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the factors in natural population change

A

Social, economic, political, cultural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does social factors effect natural population change

A

Healthcare- poor healthcare will lead to a higher IMR which with lead to an increase in BR+FR and can also limit work and leisure activities for women which also leads to a decrease.
Education- if a low years of schooling for women FR is higher- less education and can’t work and less education about using contraceptives. High schooling- jobs- working
Age/gender structure- aging population FR+BR lower bc out of reproductive years e.g Japan. If younger pop- more BR- reproductive years e.g Niger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do economic factors effect natural population change

A

Industrial structure- if primary industries e.g agriculture is dominant- more children BR+FR inc as more time and wanting more help with work(Indonesia). However if tertiary- women won’t have as much time to have children and more expensive- economic burden.
Economic conditions- in recessions BR+FR decrease- no income to support e.g drop in 2008- global financial crisis.
Affluence: HICs taking time off work to take care for children is very costly- may require more education. families have less children but more education e.g UK. Children can take care of parents but not needed in HICS due to developed social security and financial markets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Political factors that effect natural population change

A

Political stability- study over past 40 years says that during conflict BR+FR tends to decrease (especially in better job sectors) whilst after one there is a boom due to less time of panic and more stability.
Population policies: china one child policy was discontinued in 2015 but effects continue. Was encouraged more children should be born but it didny change much. Young people are faced with high house proves, labour and expensive so there is also exonomic reasons. It’s an ageing population so pro natal is likely to be considered. W

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cultural factors in natural population change

A

Religion- Roman Catholics- no contraception, no abortion FR+BR increase. Muslim countries- Indonesia but also tend to be in LICs. 2.29 Us- 1.7
Status of women- if seen as lesser- FR+BR increase- house work. If women are seen as important and have jobs so drpecreases.
Child marriage- 40% in LICS married before 18. Links to political- legal ages of marriage may vary. African countries 16-18 but some as 15 with parental consent. E.g Niger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens in stage 1 of the DTM

A

Birth and death rate are high fluctuating
Population is low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens in stage 2 of the DTM

A

Birth rate is high
Death rate rapidly falling
Population steady rise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens in stage 3 of the DTM

A

Birth rate rapidly decreases
Death rate continues steady decrease
Population increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What happens in stage 4 of the DTM

A

Birth and death rate low fluctuating
Population steady increase- starts to level off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What happens in stage 5 of the DTM

A

Death rate becomes higher than birth rate slightly- natural decrease
Population slowly decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Advantages of the DTM

A

Predict populations
Consider population policies
Based on what has happened in several countries
Can be adjusted in future
Good links between economics and pop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Disadvantages of the DTM

A

Assumes all counties follow same pattern
Doesn’t offer reasons for changes
No time scales
Doesn’t include influence of migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What DTM stage is Niger in

A

Stage 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

A few examples of how Niger’s physical settings links to the DTM

A

-landlocked- which affects ability to trade leading to a low GNI- worse healthcare and a higher IMR so BR is high.
North of Niger is the Sahel region which is arid and so difficult to grow crops- low pop density in area and high death rate.

31
Q

Examples of how Niger’s human settings links to the DTM

A

98% Muslim- higher BR
In north agriculture work is populate an BR high so children can be an asset in farming

32
Q

What stage of the DTM is Canada in

A

4

33
Q

Examples of how Canadas physical setting links to the DTM

A

West is mountainous which makes it hard to build and live- decreasing pop density
Largest coastline due to climate change so more accessible for trade routes- increasing GNI and working people- less likely to have children but pop still dense

34
Q

Examples of how canadas human settings links to the DTM

A

Ageing population increase DR due to natural decrease but controlled migration counteracts this
Cities in southeast border USA- higher population-more births as ideal living conditions

35
Q

What does the population structure refer to

A

Age distribution and sex composition of a population at a national scale- depicted by population pyramid

36
Q

What are young dependents

A

0-14 years relying on money earnt by economically active

37
Q

What are economically active

A

Those at a working age who contribute to the economy, YD and ED 15-64 years

38
Q

What are elderly dependents

A

65+ years who depend on the money aren’t by economically active

39
Q

What is the dependency ratio and formula

A

Level of dependency
Young dependents+elderly dependents/economically active X100

40
Q

What does the answer of the dependancy ratio get you

A

For every 100 people working age there are _ number relying on their earnings

41
Q

What is Niger’s population pyramid like

A

Lots of young dependents
Not as many economically active
Even less elderly dependents

42
Q

What is canadas population pyramid like

A

Not as many young dependents
More economically active
More of an ageing population

43
Q

Problems with youthful populations e.g Niger

A

Economic loss as pressure on education which is hard due to an unproportionate amount of economically active and young dependents and if not educated properly there will be a less skilled workforce
Demands for improving maternal and child healthcare- costs a lot but GNI low

44
Q

Benefits with youthful population e.g Niger

A

Can provide a large cheap workforce and a growing market for potential foreign investors
Young people today are the country’s human resource for tomorrow

45
Q

Problems of an ageing population e.g Canada

A

Less people working and pension cost increasing
Economic loss and need taking care of and economically active pay higher taxes as welfare and healthcare costs rise

46
Q

Benefits of an ageing population e.g Canada

A

Benefits local economy by spending disposable income on leisure activities and tourism
Can help look after young dependents- saves money on healthcare and enables economically active to work.

47
Q

What is the demographic dividend

A

Economic boost a country receives when economically active outnumbers its dependents

48
Q

How does there end up being more economically active people than dependents

A

-the lag between falling DR and reduced BR may last for 1 or 2 generations before parents adjust to falling IMR by having fewer children
-produces a bulge in population which rises up in economically active sector- tall dependency ratio.

49
Q

How do a large group of economically active help social and economic growth

A
  • large workforce so more tax paid to invest in education and healthcare and infrastructure
    -investment from TNCs- more tex
    -more spending power- economic growth
    -fewer children as more women in workforce- gender equality
50
Q

Issues with more economically active people (large demographic dividend)

A

-extra demand on economy-unemployment
-environmental degradation
-pressure on natural resources
-lead to ageing population- pressure on services

51
Q

What is migration

A

Movement of people across a specified boundary in order to establish a new residence
This can take place at a variety of scales(local, national, global)

52
Q

What are international migrants

A

People who living in a country other than their birth country.
3.6% of worlds population
281 million

53
Q

Migration statistics

A

2/3 migrants living in 20 countries
1/3 from 10 counties
Forced migration increased in past 10 years
Women- 48% of migrants
Governments are seeking to lower immigrants

54
Q

What is an asylum seeker

A

A person who has fled their country on the grounds they can’t return to their country of origin and seeking international protection but refugee status not been detirmined

55
Q

What is a refugee

A

An asylum seeker who’s claim for asylum has been successful and granted refugee status to live in a country permanently

56
Q

What is an economic migrant

A

Person who voluntarily left their country of origin to seek employment in another country

57
Q

Examples of push factors for migration

A

Lack of education
Bad healthcare
Lack of high paying jobs
Resource shortsage
- voluntary

Conflict/war
Natural hazard/climate change
Corrup government
Religious prosecution
-forced

58
Q

Pull factors of migration

A

Educational opportunities
Good healthcare
Job opportunities
Safety
Freedom/human rights
Resources
Higher QOL
Landscape/weather

59
Q

What is the average number of migrants each year

A

5 million

60
Q

What does the pull push model suggest

A

If more push factors than pull in countries then they are likely to move out place of origin

61
Q

What are some intervening obstacles in migration

A

Border controls
Lack of infrastructure
Cost
Family pressure
Language barrier
Dangerous sea voyage

62
Q

What is globalisation and how it affects migration

A

Process which national economies societies and cultures have been increasingly integrated through the global network of trade, communication, transport and immigration
Large scale movement over international boundaries

63
Q

How can international migrants enable counties to meet a demographic dividend

A

Working age people migrate for jobs so inc economically active- mainly males e.g Qatar causes gender imbalance and FR low- less young dependents.
Refuges normally younger however bring family-less extent
This is short term-
Spacially- different places may not reach

64
Q

How may economic migrants not lead a country to a demographic dividend

A

Remittances- original countries sent money so not staying in host country- no economic boost
Migrants have children which increases FR- cultural difference
In long term as more elderly dependents

65
Q

What is spacially

A

Wide range of places

66
Q

What is temporally

A

Long period of time

67
Q

Demographic implications of migration on origin country and host country

A

Lower BR- people of child bearing age leave- less workforce in future
Population structure-ageing pop. Remain
Loss of economic active
- origin

Balances population structure if prev ageing
Inc BR- reproductive age
Inc in economically active can be men

68
Q

Social implications of migration on origin and host country

A

Origin
Reduced pressure on healthcare and education
Loss of culture
Break up communities
Lose qualified worker- doctors teachers

Host
Cultural advantages- food music
Pressure on maternal healthcare
Pressure on schools
Racial tensions

69
Q

Economic implications of migration on origin and host country

A

Origin
Reduced pressure on food,energy
Less unemployment
Money sent home
Lose skilled workforce
Decline in services

Host
Overcome skill shortages
Competitive workforce
Pay tax
Inc size of workforce

70
Q

Political implications of migration on host and origin county

A

Origin
Pressure to redevelop
Pro-natal policies to retain skilled workers

Host
Pressure to control immigration
Anti-immigration parties
Raciest r porganisations

71
Q

Environmental implications of migration on origin and host country

A

Origin
Farmland and villages abandoned
Less management

Host
Pressure on land for development
Increased demand for natural resources

72
Q

Health implications of migration on origin and host country

A

Origin
Migrants leave areas of infectious disease
Less pressure in health
Less medically trained staff

Host
Spread of communicable diseases
Pressure on healthcare-disease

73
Q

What is globalisation

A

Process by which national economies societies and cultures have been increasingly integrated through the global network of trade communication transport and immigration
This has allowed large scale movement over international boundaries

Geography (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions