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Geography > Physical Paper 1-water > Flashcards

Physical Paper 1-water Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an input

A

The addition of energy and or matter into a system

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2
Q

What is an output

A

The results of a process within a system

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3
Q

What is a system

A

A set of interrelated components working towards some kind of process

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4
Q

What is an open system

A

Where matter and energy can be transferred in and out of the system boundary into the surrounding environment

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5
Q

What is a closed system

A

Transfer of energy both in and out of the system boundary but not the transfer of matter

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6
Q

What is an isolated system

A

No interactions with anything outside their system boundary. No Imput or output of energy or matter

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7
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium

A

When Imputs and outputs of a system are balanced despite changing conditions. However if one of the elements changes then the equilibrium will be distrusted and imputs inc and outputs don’t their is feedback as a result.

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8
Q

What is positive feedback

A

Where the effects of an action are enhanced or multiplied by subsequent knock on effects

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9
Q

What is an example of positive feedback

A

Global temps rise- ice melts- releases trapped co2- more heat trapped in atmosphere- global temps rise more

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10
Q

What is negative feedback

A

Where the effects of an action are reduced or nullified by subsequent knock on features

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11
Q

An example of negative feedback

A

Humans burn fossil fuels- increased co2 in the atmosphere- increased plant growth- inc uptake of co2 by plants

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12
Q

What are earths 4 major subsystems

A

Atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere

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13
Q

Summary of atmosphere

A

Gaseous layer that envelopes the world ‘air’ is held around the planet by the force of gravity

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14
Q

Summary of lithosphere

A

Solid outermost part of earth made up of mostly rock. Includes crust and upper mantle

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15
Q

Summary of hydrosphere

A

All water on earth collectively. Found in air,soil,glaciers,oceans,rivers,lakes,streams. Also found in solid liquid and gas.

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16
Q

Summary of biosphere

A

Water found in all the living organisms on earth- found in all earth spheres

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17
Q

What is a water store and examples

A

Places where water is held for a period of time. Oceans,lakes,rivers,puddles,atmosphere,ground,aquifers,plants,ice

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18
Q

What is a water transfer and examples

A

Processes involved in transferring water between stores. Precipitation, evaporation, condensation,transpiration,surface run off,infiltration

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19
Q

Links between hydrosphere and atmosphere

A

Water is a component of air, water cycle, gasses trapped in ice, oceans store carbon

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20
Q

Links between hydrosphere and lithosphere

A

Soil has water, freeze thaw weathering, hydraulic action in a river erodes rocks, plate movement can cause tsunami

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21
Q

Links between hydrosphere and biosphere

A

All living things need water to survive, photosynthesis, some animals live in water

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22
Q

Inks between atmosphere and lithosphere

A

Gasses get trapped in rocks, fossil fuels release co2, volcanic ash releases co2 into the atmosphere

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23
Q

Links between atmosphere and biosphere

A

All living things respire, cows release methane, photosynthesis, decomposition

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24
Q

Links between lithosphere and biosphere

A

Animals live in soil, formation of fossils, porous rocks have insects, plant roots stabilise soil and grow into rocks, decomposition

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25
Q

How much water is stored in oceans

A

96.5%

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26
Q

How much freshwater is stored in glaciers and ice caps

A

68%

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27
Q

How much surface water is stored in the ground

A

69%

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28
Q

How much freshwater is stored in underground reserviours

A

30%

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29
Q

Oceanic water details

A

Cover 72% earths surfaces and 97% earths water. Water is saline- salt makes up 3.5%. It’s alkaline-8.14 but has fallen due to atmospheric carbon. As acidity increases it causes problems with respiration, photosynthesis and so on.

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30
Q

What is the crysphere and what does it include

A

Portions of earths surface where water is solid- ice.
It includes- sea ice, permafrost, ice caps, alpine glaciers, ice sheets

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31
Q

What are ice caps

A

Thick layers of ice on land that are smaller than 50000km2 normally in mountainous areas- starting point for many glaciers. E.g ice cap on Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa is its only remaining ice cap and is rapidly melting.

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32
Q

What are ice sheets and examples

A

E.g Greenland and Antarctica- sea levels rise is melts. Ice shelves are platforms of ice that form when ice sheets and glaciers move out into the ocean. Ice bergs are chunks of ice that move into ocean after breaking of ice shelves. Huge mass of ice- layers of snow pile up. Flowing downhill under own weight. Frozen all year round

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33
Q

Alpine glaciers and examples

A

Found in deep valleys or upland hollows. Are fed by ice caps. Important in Himalayas- supply water for glaciers e.g indus and Ganges. Lifeline of millions of people in south Asian countries su h as nepal Pakistan India and Bangladeshi

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34
Q

What is perma frost

A

Ground water that remains frozen for atlas 2 years. 1-1500m as climate warms permafrost has begun. To melt which releases large amounts of carbon.

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35
Q

What is the tryophere and types of terrestrial water

A

All the surface or underground water. Includes ground water, surface water, soil water, biological water

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36
Q

Surface water, examples and extra info

A

Free flowing water of rivers, ponds and lakes. Rivers act as a store and transfer of water in a canal. E.g the amazon river which is the largest in the world 1/5 total river flow. Lakes- collection of freshwater found 8n hollows of lands surface. E.g capstan sea- largest. Wetlands such as marsh and peatland are crutial for global biodiversity

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37
Q

Ground water

A

Water that collects underground in porous spaces of rock. E.g bore hole in northern Russia- 13km deep. The depth at which pore spaces become completely saturated is called the water table. The amount of ground water is rapidly decreasing due to extraction for irrigating farmland in dry areas.

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38
Q

What is soil water

A

Is that which is held together with air in unsaturated upper layer of earth. Fundamental for many hydrological, biological processes. Soil moisture key in controlling exchange of water and heat energy between lands surface through evaporation and plant transpiration. Development in weather and precipitation levels.

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39
Q

What is biological water

A

All water is stored in earths biomass (living things) it varies across the world depending on vegetation type e.g rainforest stores far more water. Treees take in water from roots and transported and stored in trunks and branches and then lost through transpiration through stoma. Plants can be adapted to hold water- cacti.

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40
Q

Atmospheric water stores

A

Water held In the air. It exists in 3 states- solid liquid gas. The amount of water that can be held depends on temp of the air- hot can hold more that’s why poles are dry and equator is humid.clouds are a visible mass of water droplets suspended in the atmosphere. Clouds are formed due to air in the lower layers of atmosphere being saturated due to cooling and when these grow it causes rain. Water vapour is important as it absorbs, reflects and scatters solar radiation keeping earth at a good temp.

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41
Q

What is the analyse question structure

A

Pattern- general trend
Evidence- data
Anomaly-does not fit trend
Link-links between data sets
Manipulate- %change,range,mean

42
Q

What is precipitation

A

Transfer of water from atmosphere to ground: rain,sleet,snow,hail

43
Q

What is evaporation in terms of phase change

A

Transfer of water from liquid to gas. Most happens from oceans

44
Q

What is condensation in terms of phase change

A

Transfer of water from gas to liquid e.g clouds

45
Q

What is sublimation

A

Solid(ice)- gas(water vapour)

46
Q

What is deposition is phase change

A

Gas(water vapour) to solid (ice)

47
Q

What is latent heat

A

Energy absorbed or released by a substance during a change in its physical state that occurs without changing its temperature.

48
Q

Why is evaporation caused

A

Energy from solar radiation hitting surface of land or water

49
Q

Factors that might affect the rate of evaporation

A

-temp of air- warmer can hold more
-how much water there is
-amount of sunlight
-humidity- closer air is to saturation the slower rate of evaporation

50
Q

What is the dew point

A

When air cools then it will get to a temperature which it becomes saturated

51
Q

What happens at dew point

A

Excess water is converted to liquid in condensation.

52
Q

What can water molecules condense on in the air

A

Tiny particles such as smoke or dust. Or surfaces such as leaves and windows, these must have a temperature below the dew point. If below freezing deposition happens- frost

53
Q

What is a low pressure zone known as in tropical rainforests

A

ITCZ (intertropical convergence zone)

54
Q

What is the process of frontal rainfall

A

Warm less dense air and cold dense air are separated by a front. The warm air is forced to rise over the cold air. It cools and condenses to form clouds and precipitation.

55
Q

What is relief rainfall process

A

Evaporation of the sea and prevailing wind forces warm air to rise up the mountain. Air cools and condenses to form clouds and leaves a rain shadow on the other side. Dry air descends and warms.

56
Q

What are cryspheric processed key terms and what they mean

A

Accumulation- imput of snow/ice into an area
Abiation- the removal of snow/ ice out of an area

57
Q

What is the water balance

A

Within a drainage basin when is balance between inputs and outputs

58
Q

What is stem flow

A

Precipitation that reaches ground after being interrupted by stems/leaves etc.

59
Q

What is throughfall

A

Precipitation which reaches ground directly

60
Q

What is throughflow

A

Down slope through soil

61
Q

What is groundwater flow

A

Water moving through underground rocks

62
Q

What is perculation

A

Downwards movement of water within the rock under the soils surface depends on nature of rock

63
Q

What does a hydrograph show

A

River discharge and precipitation- shows how river discharge changes in response to precipitation

64
Q

What is a flashy response hydrograph

A

A hydrograph which is associated with a sudden flood event called a flash flood

65
Q

What is a slow response hydrograph

A

An identical rainfall event will lead to a less steep rising limb. Peak discharge is lower and lag time is longer- flooding less likely

66
Q

What is the lag time

A

Time difference between peak discharge and peak rainfall

67
Q

What is storm flow on a hydrograph

A

Additional flow of a river in response to the storm

68
Q

What is base flow on a hydrograph

A

Normal flow of the river when fed by groundwater

69
Q

What is rising limb

A

Shows how quickly the discharge rises after a rainstorm

70
Q

What is the falling limb

A

Shows reduced discharge once the main affect of the runoff has passed

71
Q

What are some factors that affect flood hydrograph shape

A

Size of drainage basin
Rock and soil type
Type of slope
Vegetation

72
Q

Some physical factors affecting hydrographs

A

Steep sides vs gentle slopes
High density vs low density
Saturated vs unsaturated soil
Surface backed in sun and not
Snowfalls vs rainfall
Large vs small drainage basin

73
Q

Human factors affecting flood hydrographs

A

Deforested vs not
Ploughed fields vs not
Terraced fields vs not
Animal grazing vs none
Urbanisation and before

74
Q

What is a river regime

A

The variability of a rivers discharge through the course of a year in response to precipitous, temp,evapotranspiration and drainage basin characteristic

75
Q

What are the 3 land use changes affecting the water cycle

A

Deforestation
Soil drainage
Water abstraction

76
Q

Why are rainforests important to the water cycle

A

390b trees in amazon such up water from deep roofs and realeasing through leaves through transportation
One tree moves 100 gallons no of water each day
Critical moisture for agriculture
Amazon needs 80% trees standing to continue with the hydrological cycle and its at 81%

77
Q

Localised deforestation before deforestation

A

P returned to atmosphere by ET and SR is minimal. Water reaches forest floor infiltrates and slowly moves back to river

78
Q

Localised deforestation after deforestation

A

Lower ET because new vegetation has fewer leaves
SR increases due to lack of vegetation due to localised flooding

79
Q

Extensive deforestation initial impacts

A

Extensive rainfall can lead to positive feedback loop. Initially ET is lower meaning much of water leaves the area via river channel rather than being recycled by the forest and atmosphere

80
Q

Extensive deforestation long term impacts

A

Water is leaving the area via rivers so there is less water vapour available in atmosphere for precipitation to occur because there is less precipitation less water reaches river channel and flow is reduced.

81
Q

What does subsurface drainage do

A

Removes access water from soil profile carried out through a network of tubes referred as tiles installed 60-120m below the surface

82
Q

How does soil drainage work

A

When water table is higher than the tile water flows into the tubing through holes in the tube. This lowers the water table to the depth of the tile over corse of several days
Tiles allow excess water to leave the field
Once lowered no more water flows through them

83
Q

Advantages of soil drainage

A

Improves soil structure which makes it easier to work with and allows for greater root penetration enabling roots to travel faster and further.
Improves aeration- more air spaces- microorganisms thrive and increases rate that organic matter is broken down so plant nutrients are able to form and root respiration
Heavy machine can work on soil without danger of compaction (would inc overland flow)
Large amount of animals can graze on land without compacting soil

84
Q

Disadvantages of soil drainage

A

Insertion of drains artificially increases speed of through flow (water moving through soil layer) and water enters water sources quickly and increases risks of flooding
Reducted navigability of river as flow regimes are more variable whereas Before flow remained even throughout year
Dry topsoil can be subject to wind erosion if not properly protected
Nitrate loss and can lead to eutrophicication- disturbs organisms and reducted quality of water

85
Q

Where is groundwater used and what does it cause

A

Large parts of Europe- dominant source of freshwater and there is more water being taken out than recharged cause water scarcity which could lead to shrinking water tables, empty wells, higher pumping costs and intrusion of salt water in coastal areas

86
Q

What is salt water intrusion

A

When saline water begins to contaminate freshwater aquifers and ground water supply as a result of abstraction

87
Q

Explain how water abstraction can affect the water cycle at different spatial scales

A

In Italy overexploitation of the river in the region of Milan has led too 25-40m decrease in groundwater levels over the last 80 years therefore less water is travelling and being evaporated and so this results in low precipitation and therefore less water sources.
In north london groundwater risen 8-15m due to limited abraction which could be a risk to flooding as increased surface run off and river discharge. Whereas in south has decreased by 10m due to more abstraction and is at risk to saline intrusion- decreased precipitation and evapotranspiration

88
Q

What is a drainage basin

A

Area around a river where water will always end up back in the river

89
Q

What is the case study of a river catchment at a local scale

A

River greta located in Keswick in Lake District national park

90
Q

physical land factors affecting flood risk to river greta

A
  • the town is a valley and surrounded by areas of high land- fast water flow
    -surrounding land steep- RELEIF
    -high density drainage basin- quicker lag time- more flow
    -limited areas of forest- upland areas are grasses/ferns so less interception- VEGETATION
    -GEOLOGY- sedimentary and igneous
91
Q

Human factors affecting flood risk to river greta

A

-high level of urbanisation due to tourists with impermeable surfaces which increases surface run off so more water gets back to the river- LAND USE
-lots of drainage so water feeding directly back to the river- inc flood risk- subsurface drainage systems- golf course
-lowland areas used for pasture land for sheep/cattle which increases compaction of soil- less can infiltrate
MANAGEMENT- schemes

92
Q

What are links between Keswick climate and river regime

A

Climate is mild so less moisture can be held in air so limited evapotranspiration across the drainage basin.
Rainfall maximums in winter (relief rainfall and winter storms) so peak discharge is in winter months
Snowfall in upland areas during winter months- rising discharge in spring as the snow melts

93
Q

What is sedimentary rock

A

Formed from layers of sediment building up in the ocean and becoming compressed over time

94
Q

What is igneous rock

A

Formed when rock is molten and cools over time
Extrusive- cools on earth surface
Intrusive- cools inside earth

95
Q

What is metamorphic rock

A

Formed when igneous or sedimentary rock are subjected to intense heat and pressure changing the Rock

96
Q

Is sedimentary rock permeable or impermeable

A

Permeable- softer

97
Q

Is igneous rock permeable or Impermeable

A

Impermeable- harder

98
Q

How does geology affect flood risk near river Greta

A

Lots of igneous- impermeable rock mostly in south which increases surface run off which increases flood risk
Some sedimentary rock- permeable- increase infiltration in north
Higher flood risk in south

99
Q

How does river management affect the flood risk of river Greta

A

In Keswick: flood walls, drainage holes, embankments.
Reduced risk of flooding for 182 properties, a 1.3% chance of flooding in any one year

Thirlmere reserviour supplies water to Lake District

100
Q

What was a flood event in a river catchment at a local scale

A

2015 flood event in Keswick

101
Q

What are human factors that led to the 2015 flood event in Keswick

A

Management schemes such as defence wall were overtopped and outflanked

102
Q

What are physical factors that led to the 2015 flood event in Keswick

A

December was wettest calendar month on record-24 hour rainfall- 341mm
Rainfall fell on already saturated ground flowing from three previous storms
Peak flow- 3.75m

Geography (3 decks)

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