Paper 2-human Geography-population + food Flashcards
What is population density and words associated with it
How many people are in one square km of land in a country
Densely populated- contain many people
Sparsely- contain few
What is population distribution, what scales is it considered from and words to describe it
Is the pattern where people live
Considered from all areas local to global, in an area or a country.
Populations may be distributed evenly or unevenly
What is exponential growth
Increase in the number of size at a rapidly growing rate.
What are the key physical elements affecting population density
Climate, soils, water supply, resource distribution
How can climate affect population density
If there is an arid, hot or cold climate this could cause a lack of crop growth so a lack of food so causes not many people to live in that place, decreasing population density.
Climate change can also cause sea levels to rise and flooding which can cause climate migration e.g tuvalu- New Zealand.
How can soils affect population density
More fertile soils can grow more crops which creates more food so more people would be likely to live or move there causing a higher population density e.g mount Etna has very fertile soils (volcanic soils) and people risk to live next to an active volcano because of the good crop growth.
How can water supply affect population density
If a low water supply it would be expensive to import and to therefore buy as well there will be a reduced crop growth and perhaps dehydration so not many people would live in those areas causing a lower population density. People like to live close to the water e.g Egypt where 95% of the pop live on 4% of the land by the river Nile.
How can resource distribution affect population density
The availability of resources e.g coal, ores, metals increase job opportunity so more would live in that area increasing density e.g Rhine in Germany
What is natural change
The change in population brought about by the difference between death rate and birth rate. If BR exceeds death rate then the population will increase (natural increase). If DR exceeds birth rate then the population will decrease (natural decrease)
What is migration change
Migration of people who move in and out of a country will also cause population to change. Moving in- immigrants. Moving out-emigrants. The difference between immigrants entering and emigrants leaving is known as the net migration rate.
What is fertility rate
Average number of children born per woman in a county (if they live above reproductive years)
Why is fertility rate good (give 3 reasons)
More accurate than birth rate because BR doesn’t consider infant mortality rate, this does
-good indicator of future population change- if more born-higher population
-focuses only on those who can give birth
What is replacement fertility rate
Number of children each woman needs to maintain current population levels
If each woman had 2.1 it would stay the same
Over-population rise. Under- population decrease
What is infant mortality rate
Number of children who die before their 1st birthday per 1000 births per year
Why is IMR out of 1000 people
So can compare with bigger countries/populations
What does it indicate if a IMR is high/low
high-bad healthcare, low income
Low-good healthcare, high income
What are the factors in natural population change
Social, economic, political, cultural
How does social factors effect natural population change
Healthcare- poor healthcare will lead to a higher IMR which with lead to an increase in BR+FR and can also limit work and leisure activities for women which also leads to a decrease.
Education- if a low years of schooling for women FR is higher- less education and can’t work and less education about using contraceptives. High schooling- jobs- working
Age/gender structure- aging population FR+BR lower bc out of reproductive years e.g Japan. If younger pop- more BR- reproductive years e.g Niger
How do economic factors effect natural population change
Industrial structure- if primary industries e.g agriculture is dominant- more children BR+FR inc as more time and wanting more help with work(Indonesia). However if tertiary- women won’t have as much time to have children and more expensive- economic burden.
Economic conditions- in recessions BR+FR decrease- no income to support e.g drop in 2008- global financial crisis.
Affluence: HICs taking time off work to take care for children is very costly- may require more education. families have less children but more education e.g UK. Children can take care of parents but not needed in HICS due to developed social security and financial markets.
Political factors that effect natural population change
Political stability- study over past 40 years says that during conflict BR+FR tends to decrease (especially in better job sectors) whilst after one there is a boom due to less time of panic and more stability.
Population policies: china one child policy was discontinued in 2015 but effects continue. Was encouraged more children should be born but it didny change much. Young people are faced with high house proves, labour and expensive so there is also exonomic reasons. It’s an ageing population so pro natal is likely to be considered. W
Cultural factors in natural population change
Religion- Roman Catholics- no contraception, no abortion FR+BR increase. Muslim countries- Indonesia but also tend to be in LICs. 2.29 Us- 1.7
Status of women- if seen as lesser- FR+BR increase- house work. If women are seen as important and have jobs so drpecreases.
Child marriage- 40% in LICS married before 18. Links to political- legal ages of marriage may vary. African countries 16-18 but some as 15 with parental consent. E.g Niger
What happens in stage 1 of the DTM
Birth and death rate are high fluctuating
Population is low
What happens in stage 2 of the DTM
Birth rate is high
Death rate rapidly falling
Population steady rise
What happens in stage 3 of the DTM
Birth rate rapidly decreases
Death rate continues steady decrease
Population increase
What happens in stage 4 of the DTM
Birth and death rate low fluctuating
Population steady increase- starts to level off
What happens in stage 5 of the DTM
Death rate becomes higher than birth rate slightly- natural decrease
Population slowly decrease
Advantages of the DTM
Predict populations
Consider population policies
Based on what has happened in several countries
Can be adjusted in future
Good links between economics and pop
Disadvantages of the DTM
Assumes all counties follow same pattern
Doesn’t offer reasons for changes
No time scales
Doesn’t include influence of migration
What DTM stage is Niger in
Stage 2
A few examples of how Niger’s physical settings links to the DTM
-landlocked- which affects ability to trade leading to a low GNI- worse healthcare and a higher IMR so BR is high.
North of Niger is the Sahel region which is arid and so difficult to grow crops- low pop density in area and high death rate.
Examples of how Niger’s human settings links to the DTM
98% Muslim- higher BR
In north agriculture work is populate an BR high so children can be an asset in farming
What stage of the DTM is Canada in
4
Examples of how Canadas physical setting links to the DTM
West is mountainous which makes it hard to build and live- decreasing pop density
Largest coastline due to climate change so more accessible for trade routes- increasing GNI and working people- less likely to have children but pop still dense
Examples of how canadas human settings links to the DTM
Ageing population increase DR due to natural decrease but controlled migration counteracts this
Cities in southeast border USA- higher population-more births as ideal living conditions
What does the population structure refer to
Age distribution and sex composition of a population at a national scale- depicted by population pyramid
What are young dependents
0-14 years relying on money earnt by economically active
What are economically active
Those at a working age who contribute to the economy, YD and ED 15-64 years
What are elderly dependents
65+ years who depend on the money aren’t by economically active
What is the dependency ratio and formula
Level of dependency
Young dependents+elderly dependents/economically active X100
What does the answer of the dependancy ratio get you
For every 100 people working age there are _ number relying on their earnings
What is Niger’s population pyramid like
Lots of young dependents
Not as many economically active
Even less elderly dependents
What is canadas population pyramid like
Not as many young dependents
More economically active
More of an ageing population
Problems with youthful populations e.g Niger
Economic loss as pressure on education which is hard due to an unproportionate amount of economically active and young dependents and if not educated properly there will be a less skilled workforce
Demands for improving maternal and child healthcare- costs a lot but GNI low
Benefits with youthful population e.g Niger
Can provide a large cheap workforce and a growing market for potential foreign investors
Young people today are the country’s human resource for tomorrow
Problems of an ageing population e.g Canada
Less people working and pension cost increasing
Economic loss and need taking care of and economically active pay higher taxes as welfare and healthcare costs rise
