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geography paper 1 > Physical Landscapes In The Uk-[optional] Coastal > Flashcards

Physical Landscapes In The Uk-[optional] Coastal Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a coast?

A

A part of land that joins the sea.

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2
Q

What causes waves to form?

A

Wind blowing over the sea

Waves form as a result of the water’s motion, gravitational forces, and winds. The most common waves we see are created by wind.

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3
Q

What does the size and strength of waves depend on?

A
  • How strong the wind is
  • How long it blows for
  • How far it travels
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4
Q

Define swash?

A

Water rushing up the beach

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5
Q

Define backwash?

A

Water draining back down the beach

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6
Q

Define fetch?

A

The distance a wave has travelled

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7
Q

What are constructive waves?

A

Waves that have a very strong swash and a weak backwash.

They build up the beach.

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8
Q

How do constructive waves build beaches?

A

They deposit material with the swash as the backwash is weak and leave sand and pebbles behind

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9
Q

What are destructive waves?

A

Waves that have a weak swash and a strong backwash.

They pull pebbles and sand back down the beach as the water retreats

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10
Q

Name the features of constructive waves?

A
  • Low
  • Wave crests far apart
  • Gentle sloping wave front
  • 6 - 8 per minute
  • Gentle beach created
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11
Q

Name the features of destructive waves?

A
  • Steep beach created
  • High
  • Break close together
  • Up to 15 per minute
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12
Q

What are marine processes?

A

The base of cliffs being eroded by hydraulic action and abrasion

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13
Q

Which waves are associated with coastal erosion?

A

Destructive waves

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14
Q

Define ‘weathering’

A

Weathering is the breakdown of rock at or near the surface by the weather

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15
Q

List the 2 main types of weathering?

A
  1. Mechanical weathering
  2. Chemical weathering
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16
Q

What is mechanical weathering?

A

Mechanical weathering is caused by physical changes such as changes in temperature, freezing and thawing.

Water gets into cracks in rocks, freezes when the temperature drops below 0’c, prising the rock apart. When the water melts, a larger crack develops. Overtime this causes rocks to break apart.

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17
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

The weathering of rocks by chemicals is called chemical weathering. Rainwater is naturally slightly acidic because carbon dioxide from the air dissolves in it. Minerals in rocks may react with the rainwater, causing the rock to be weathered

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18
Q

Define erosion

A

Wearing away of rocks by water, weather or ice

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19
Q

List the 4 main types of erosion

A
  1. Hydraulic action
  2. Abrasion
  3. Attrition
  4. Solution
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20
Q

Define ‘hydraulic action’

A

Water being forced into cracks in the rock and breaking it up.

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21
Q

Define ‘abrasion’

A

Loose rocks (sediment) are thrown against the cliff by waves. This wears away at the cliff and chips bits of rock off.

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22
Q

Define ‘attrition’

A

Loose sediment that has been knocked off the cliff is swirled around by waves, colliding with other pieces wearing them into smaller smoother pieces.

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23
Q

Define ‘solution’

A

Seawater dissolves material from the rock.

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24
Q

What is mass movement?

A

When rocks loosened by weathering move down slope under gravity. They can slide or slump

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25
Q

What is slumping?

A

This is common where cliffs are made of clay. The clay becomes saturated during heavy rain and oozes down towards the sea.

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26
Q

What is sliding?

A

This is when large chunks slide down slope quickly without any warning

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27
Q

What is ‘rock fall’?

A

A type of mass movement where material breaks off the cliff and falls down the slope.

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28
Q

How is sediment transported along the coastline?

A

Longshore drift

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29
Q

Describe how longshore drift works.

A
  1. Waves approach the beach at an angle
  2. As waves break the swash carries material up the beach at the same angle
  3. The backwash carries material straight back down the beach under gravity
  4. This causes the material to move along the beach in a zig-zag pattern
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30
Q

What is deposition?

A

When the sea loses energy, it drops the sand, rock particles and pebbles it has been carrying. This is called deposition.

Deposition happens when the swash is stronger than the backwash and is associated with constructive waves.

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31
Q

Defne ‘landform’

A

A feature in the landscape that has been formed by erosion, transportation and/or deposition.

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32
Q

What factors influence the landforms found along a coastline?

A

Hard rock (resistant rock) - does not erode easily - likely to find headlands

Soft rock (less resistant rock) - erodes easily - more likely to be a bay

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33
Q

List some coastal landforms that result from erosion

A
  1. Headlands and bays
  2. Cliffs
  3. Wave cut platforms
  4. Caves, arches, stacks and stumps
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34
Q

How do headlands and bays form?

A

Where coasts are made from alternating bands of hard and soft rocks, destructive waves will erode the less resistant (softer rock) more to form bays and coves. The more resistant (harder) rocks sticks out into the sea to form headlands.

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35
Q

Describe how a wave-cut platform is formed?

A
  • The sea attacks the base of the cliff forming a wave-cut notch.
  • The notch increases in size causing the cliff to collapse.
  • The backwash carries the rubble towards the sea forming a wave-cut platform.
  • The process repeats and the cliff continues to retreat.
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36
Q

How do caves, arches, stacks and stumps form?

A
  1. Resistant rock headlands have faults and joints
  2. Abrasion and hydraulic action widens the joints
  3. Waves make the joint wider to form a cave
  4. Waves erode the cave until it cuts through the headland to form an arch
  5. The arch is eroded until the roof collapses leaving a stack
  6. The stack eventually collapses leaving a stump
37
Q

List some coastal landforms that form as a result of deposition

A
  1. Beaches
  2. Sand dunes
  3. Spits
  4. Bars
38
Q

How do beaches form?

A
  1. The material may come from eroded cliffs or have been moved from a beach somewhere else
  2. Waves transport the material by longshore drift and deposit it
39
Q

What is a bar?

A

A narrow ridge of sand or shingle that grows across a bay

40
Q

How is a bar formed?

A

Longshore drift carries sediment along from a headland, depositing sediment further out from the headland. Over time, this line of sediment joins two headlands together; a bar is formed, cutting the bay off from the sea.

41
Q

Which feature lies behind a bar?

A

A lagoon

42
Q

Why do spits have a hooked or re-curved end?

A

This is caused by the wind and waves changing the direction of the spit

43
Q

What are spits?

A

Lond narrow ridges of sand and shingle stretching out from the coast

44
Q

How a spit is formed?

A
  1. Longshore drift moves material along the coastline
  2. A spit forms when the material is deposited further out from the coastline
  3. Over time the spit grows and develops a hook as wind blows off the sea.
  4. Waves cannot get past the spit and a sheltered area develops behind it where silt is deposited to create mud flats and salt marshes
45
Q

Which feature lies behind a spit?

A

A saltmarsh and mudflats

46
Q

How are sand dunes formed?

A
  1. Wind carries sediment up the beach
  2. Obstacles on the beach encourages sand to build up
  3. Vegetation begins to stabilse the dune, encouraging more sand to deposit
  4. Overtime, the dunes migrate backwards, away from the sea
47
Q

Which grass grows on sand dunes and holds them in place?

A

Marram grass

48
Q

Name an example of a UK coastline that has major erosional and depositional landforms

A

Dorset coast

49
Q

Name some coastal features you would find at the Dorset coast

A
  1. Arch - Durdle Door
  2. Bay - Swanage Bay and Studland Bay
  3. Cave, Arch, Stack, Stump - Old Harry
  4. Bar and Lagoon - Chesil Beach and Fleet Lagoon
50
Q

Name a coastline that is at risk of erosion and has coastal management strategies in place.

A

The Holderness Coast

51
Q

Why is the Holderness Coast at risk of coastal erosion?

A
  • Strong prevailing winds creating longshore drift that moves material south along the coastline.
  • The cliffs are made of a soft boulder clay.
52
Q

Why does the Holderness coast need protecting?

A
  • Fast eroding cost (nearly 2m lost each year)
  • Strong prevailing winds carries sediment south
  • Made of soft boulder clay
  • Lots of towns along the coastline
  • Important gas terminal located there
53
Q

What management strategies are being used at Holderness?

A

Mappleton - rock armour along base of cliffs and rock groynes to trap sediment

Hornsea - sea wall and groynes

Withernsea - sea wall, groynes and rock armour

54
Q

What are the impacts of the management of the Holderness coast?

A

+ Mappleton is successfully protected from erosion

  • Towns south of Mappleton have lost sediment due to groynes, therefore they are experiencing increased erosion
  • Increased need to protecting at the Easington Gas terminal which has cost £6 million
55
Q

What is meant by hard engineering of coastlines?

A

Man made structures that are used to reduce coastal erosion and flooding.

56
Q

Name a range of hard engineering strategies used to manage coasts

A
  1. Groynes
  2. Sea walls
  3. Gabions
  4. Rock armour
57
Q

What are the benefits of hard engineering strategies?

A
  • Usually immediately effective
  • Long lasting
58
Q

What is a sea wall?

A

Concrete or rock barriers placed at the foot of cliffs or at the back of the beach

They are curved to reflect waves back to the sea

59
Q

What are the advantages of sea walls?

A
  • Effective at stopping the sea
  • Provides a promenade for people to walk along
60
Q

What are the disadvantages of sea walls?

A
  • Can look obtrusive and unnatural
  • Very expensive and high maintenance at £10,000 per metre
61
Q

What is a groyne?

A
  • Wooden or rock structures built out to sea at 90 degrees to the coast
  • They trap sediment moved along the coast by longshore drift
62
Q

What are the advantages of using groynes?

A
  • Create a wider beach for tourists
  • Provide structures for people to fish from
63
Q

Explain a disadvantage of using groynes?

A
  • Can be seen as unattractive.
  • Costly to build and maintain at £150,000 every 200m
  • Can have knock-on effects further down the coast.
64
Q

What are gabions?

A

Wire cages filled with rocks that can support cliffs or act as a buffer against the sea

65
Q

What are the advantages of gabions?

A
  • Cheap to produce and flexible in design
  • Can improve drainage of cliffs
  • Will eventually become vegetated and merge into the landscape
66
Q

What are the disadvantages of gabions?

A
  • For a while they look unattractive
  • Cages last 5 - 10 years before rusting
67
Q

What is rock armour?

A
  • Piles of large boulders dumped at the foot of a cliff
  • The rocks force waves to break and absorb their energy
68
Q

What are the advantages of rock armour?

A
  • Relatively cheap and easy to maintain
  • Can provide interest for people
  • Often used for fishing
69
Q

What are the disadvantages of rock armour?

A
  • Rocks usually come from other parts of the coastline
  • Can be expensive at £200,000 per 100 metres
  • Rock don’t fit with the local geology
  • Can be obtrusive
70
Q

What is meant by soft engineering of coasts?

A

Working with the environment or nature to reduce the impacts of the waves.

71
Q

Name a range of soft engineering strategies used to manage river flooding?

A
  1. Beach nourishment and reprofiling
  2. Dune regeneration
  3. Dune fencing
72
Q

Describe beach nourishment?

A

The addition of sand or shingle to an existing beach to make it higher or wider

72
Q

What are the benefits of soft engineering strategies?

A
  • Less expensive than hard engineering options.
  • Usually more long-term and sustainable
  • Less impact on the environment.
73
Q

What are the disadvantages of beach nourishment?

A
  • Needs constant maintenance unless structures are built to retain the beach
  • Becomes costly in the long term
74
Q

Describe the advantages of beach nourishment?

A
  • Replaces beach or cliff material that has been removed by erosion or longshore drift.
  • Beaches are a natural defence against erosion and coastal flooding.
  • Beaches also attract tourists.
  • Relatively inexpensive option
75
Q

What is dune regeneration?

A

Marram grass is planted to stabalise damaged dunes and help them to develop

Fences are used to keep people away from these areas

76
Q

What are the advantages of dune regeneration?

A
  • Maintains a natural coastal environment that is popular with people or wildlife
  • Relatively cheap at £200 - £2,000 per 100 metres
77
Q

What are the disadvantages of dune regeneration?

A
  • Time consuming
  • Can be damaged by storms
  • Unpopular with some tourists due to fencing
78
Q

What is dune fencing?

A

Fences are built alond the seaward facing dunes to encourage new dune formation

79
Q

What are the advantages of dune fencing?

A
  • Minimal impact on natural systems
  • Can control public access to protect other ecosystems
  • Fairly cheap at £400 - £2,000 per 100 metres
80
Q

What are the disadvantages of dune fencing?

A
  • Can be unsightly
  • Needs regular maintenance
81
Q

Which form of sea defence is built to prevent the effects of longshore drift?

A

Groynes

82
Q

What is managed retreat?

A

Controlled retreat of a coastline by allowing land to flood. This marsh land then becomes a protective strategy, protecting the land behind it.

83
Q

Describe the advantages of managed retreat?

A
  • Flooded land is land of low value.
  • Encourages the development of beaches (a natural defence) and salt marshes (important for the environment)
  • Cost is minimal
84
Q

Why is managed retreat a popular form of coastal management?

A
  • It is more sustainable in the long term as less money is spent on hard engineering
  • Sea level rise due to climate change is forcing us to choose this option
85
Q

Name a managed retreat scheme?

A

Medmerry near Chichester, West Sussex

86
Q

Why was the Medmerry managed rertreat scheme needed?

A
  • Low lying flat land used for farming and caravans was threatened by a sea wall needing repair
  • Building a new sea wall was a very expensive option
  • As the land was of low value it was decided to allow the sea to flood the land
87
Q

What will the Medmerry managed retreat scheme create?

A
  • A large natural salt marsh acting as a buffer with the sea
  • This will protect surronding farmland and the caravan park
  • Creates a valuable wildlife habitat which is attractive to visitors
88
Q

What have been the impacts of cliff management at Mappleton?

A
  • The rock groynes have stopped beach material being moved south from Mappleton along the coast.
  • However, this has increased erosion south of Mappleton. Benefits in one area might have a negative effect on another.

geography paper 1 (8 decks)

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