Physical Landscapes in the UK : Glacial Landscapes Flashcards
Freeze Thaw Weathering
- Water flows between cracks in rocks
- Which freezes into ice overnight
- Ice expands
- Weakens rock, easier for glaciers to erode
- eventually breaks rock apart and it weathers away
Abrasion
- Glacier moves pebbles against rock
- Acting like sandpaper
- smooths the rock
Plucking
- Process of erosion
- Glacier moves over rock and plucks it
- Pulling away chunks of rock
- Leaving gauges and jagged rock
Basal Sliding
- Water lubricates glacier
- Enabling it to slide downhill
Rotational Slip
- When a glacier is in a hollow
- Movement is curved
- Causing movement of ice
Bulldozing
- When glacier pushes loose debris ahead of it
- Essentially transporting it downhill
- Like a bulldozer
Till
- Fragments of rock left behind as
- As a glacier moves
- Due to a lack of water to transport it
Outwash
- Attrition rounds rock and diminishes it in size
- This sandy material is called outwash
Corrie Formation
- Snow accumulates in a hollow of a mountain
- Compresses to ice
- Freeze thaw weathering steepens back wall
- Rotational slip gouges hollow deeper
- Scree and moraine from freeze thaw weathering and plucking accumulate forming the corrie lip
- Ice may melt to form a tarn
Arete formation
- Formed by two back to back corries
Pyramidal Peak formation
- Formed by three back to back corries
Glacial Trough formation
- Abrasion forms steep sided, wide and flat bottomed valley
- V shaped valley eroded by abrasion by glacier forming U shaped troughs
Truncated Spurs formation
- Glacier unable to flow around existing interlocking spurs
- So ploughs straight through
- Forming steep edged truncated Spurs
Hanging Valleys Formation
- Smaller glaciers feeding into main glacier
- Main glacier was lower than tributary ones
- Forming hanging valleys
Ribbon Lake formation
- Formed from severe erosion when a tributary glacier joins a main glacier
- Or erosion of a weaker rock
Ground Moraine
- Material dragged underneath glacier
- And left behind when ice melts
Lateral Moraine
- Forms at edges of glacier
- Mostly scree from FTW of valley sides
- When ice melts it forms a low ridge on valley sides
Medial Moraine
- When tributary glacier joins main glacier
- Two lateral moraines merge to form a medial moraine
- A single line of sediment running down the centre of the main glacier
- On melting it forms a ridge down the center of the valley
Terminal Moraine
- Huge amounts of material that pile up at the snout of the glacier
- often 10s of metres high
Drumlims
- Smooth egg shaped hills
- 10m high
- Several hundred metres long
- Found in clusters on the floor of a glacial trough
- Made from moraine that has been streamlined and shaped by moving ice
- Blunt end indicates the direction of movement of a glacier
Erratics
- Large boulder
- With different geology to its surroundings
- Deposited by a melted glacier
- Used to trace history of glaciers
What are the opportunities of Glaciated areas?
- Farming
- Quarrying
- Tourism
- Forestry
Farming opportunities in glaciated areas
- Upland areas can be used for sheep to graze
- Flat bottomed glacial troughs are rich in minerals with thick soil
- So can be used to grow crops
- Lowland glaciated areas can be covered with a thick later of till
- Which is very fertile, so is well suited for intensive farming
Forestry opportunities in glaciated areas
- Upland areas have acidic soils
- Conifers are suited to acidic soils
- Grow back every 20-30 years so can be used for paper as a renewable source
Quarrying opportunities in glaciated areas
- Abundance in Limestone
- Very useful in the chemical industry for cement
- Hard rock
- Can be used for construction
Tourism opportunities in glaciated areas
- Spectacular glacial scenery
- Outdoor activities
- Hiking, fishing, skiing, climbing, mountain biking, photography
Example for conflict in glaciated areas
- LAKE DISTRICT
- Wind farms
Pros
- Renewable energy source
- Provides energy for locals
- Less contribution to climate change
Cons
- Destroys natural habitat
- Visually intrusive for locals
- May reduce tourists, economically damaging
- Expensive
Social benefits of tourism in Lake District?
- Tourists enjoy activities
Social negatives of tourism in Lake District?
- House prices are high
- 14.8 million tourists is very
intrusive on lives of locals’ - Increased population means more traffic and congestion
Economic benefits of tourism in Lake district?
- Lots of money spent, helps hotels, shops, restaurants
- Locals have increased income from working and more customers
- New businesses can start for new activities
- Job opportunities increase
Economic negatives of tourism in Lake District?
- Traffic congestion can interrupt business communications
- Jobs in tourism are mostly seasonal, unreliable and poorly paid
Environmental positives of tourism in Lake District?
- More money spent, so more money can be put towards environmental causes
Environmental negatives of tourism in Lake District?
- More tourists means more litter
- More tourists means more pollution via exhaust fumes of cars
- Erosion of landscapes from bikers, walkers, cars
What attracts Tourists to the Lake District?
- Windermere lake gives amazing scenery
- Activities
How is tourism managed in the Lake District?
- Dual carriageways built to help with congestion problems
- Creating paths to reduce erosion
- Park and Ride bus schemes for tourists reduces CO2 emissions
