Physical Landscapes Flashcards
What is vertical erosion
Cutting down into river bed
What is lateral erosion
Sideways erosion into the river banks
What are the 4 types of erosion
Abrasion.
Solution.
Hydraulic action.
Attrition.
What are the three processes in a river and where in the river are they found
Erosion => upper course.
Transportation => middle course.
Deposition => lower course.
What is the long profile of a river
The gradient of the river from source to mouth.
Steeper in upper and gradually flattens out.
What are cross profiles in a river
Cut across the river to show shape of valley and channel
What is abrasion
Scraping
What is solution (erosion)
Dissolving
What is hydraulic action
Force of water
What is attrition
Crashing (between two rocks)
What are the 4 types of transportation
Suspension.
Solution.
Saltation.
Traction.
What is suspension
Carried by current
What is solution (transportation)
Dissolved
What is traction
Rolling
What is saltation
Bouncing
What is deposition
Largest material first then smaller as river slows down
What is the upper course of the river like
Shallow, narrow channel.
Steep, narrow valley.
Vertical erosion takes place here.
What is the middle course of the river like
Wider, deeper channel.
Shallower valley sides.
More lateral erosion takes place here.
What is the lower course of the river like
Wide, deep channel.
Wide, open valley.
Deposition takes place here.
What is hard engineering
Designed to stop flooding
What is soft engineering
Designed to reduce the impacts/effects
What are the 4 soft engineering management strategies
Flood warnings & preparation.
Flood plain zoning.
Planting trees.
River restoration.
What are the 4 hard engineering management strategies
Embankments.
Relief channels.
Straightening.
Dams & reservoirs.
What are flood warnings & preparation and the positives and negatives
TV & radio warnings.
Emergency planning.
✓ People are ready.
✕ False sense of security
What is flood plain zoning
Prevent building on high risk areas.
✓ Reduces risks.
✕ Too late for some areas.
What is planting trees
Plant trees across the drainage basin.
✓ Absorbs lots of water.
✕ Less land for farming.
What is river restoration
Restore natural river system to allow flood plain to flood.
✓ Less risk downstream.
✕ Local flooding.
What are embankments
Raised walls along banks.
✓ River holds more.
✕ Risk of breaking.
What are relief channels
Artificial channels to divert round important areas.
✓ Protects areas & controlled
✕ Increased discharge where it rejoins.
What is straightening
Remove meanders.
✓ Water moves through quickly.
✕ Flooding/erosion downstream.
What are dams & reservoirs
Huge walls to create artificial lakes.
✓ Water level can be controlled.
✕ Very expensive.
