Physical Landscapes

Question 1

What is vertical erosion

Answer 1

Cutting down into river bed

Question 2

What is lateral erosion

Answer 2

Sideways erosion into the river banks

Question 3

What are the 4 types of erosion

Answer 3

Abrasion.
Solution.
Hydraulic action.
Attrition.

Question 4

What are the three processes in a river and where in the river are they found

Answer 4

Erosion => upper course.
Transportation => middle course.
Deposition => lower course.

Question 5

What is the long profile of a river

Answer 5

The gradient of the river from source to mouth.

Steeper in upper and gradually flattens out.

Question 6

What are cross profiles in a river

Answer 6

Cut across the river to show shape of valley and channel

Question 7

What is abrasion

Answer 7

Scraping

Question 8

What is solution (erosion)

Answer 8

Dissolving

Question 9

What is hydraulic action

Answer 9

Force of water

Question 10

What is attrition

Answer 10

Crashing (between two rocks)

Question 11

What are the 4 types of transportation

Answer 11

Suspension.
Solution.
Saltation.
Traction.

Question 12

What is suspension

Answer 12

Carried by current

Question 13

What is solution (transportation)

Answer 13

Dissolved

Question 14

What is traction

Answer 14

Rolling

Question 15

What is saltation

Answer 15

Bouncing

Question 16

What is deposition

Answer 16

Largest material first then smaller as river slows down

Question 17

What is the upper course of the river like

Answer 17

Shallow, narrow channel.
Steep, narrow valley.
Vertical erosion takes place here.

Question 18

What is the middle course of the river like

Answer 18

Wider, deeper channel.
Shallower valley sides.
More lateral erosion takes place here.

Question 19

What is the lower course of the river like

Answer 19

Wide, deep channel.
Wide, open valley.
Deposition takes place here.

Question 20

What is hard engineering

Answer 20

Designed to stop flooding

Question 21

What is soft engineering

Answer 21

Designed to reduce the impacts/effects

Question 22

What are the 4 soft engineering management strategies

Answer 22

Flood warnings & preparation.
Flood plain zoning.
Planting trees.
River restoration.

Question 23

What are the 4 hard engineering management strategies

Answer 23

Embankments.
Relief channels.
Straightening.
Dams & reservoirs.

Question 24

What are flood warnings & preparation and the positives and negatives

Answer 24

TV & radio warnings.
Emergency planning.
✓ People are ready.
✕ False sense of security

Question 25

What is flood plain zoning

Answer 25

Prevent building on high risk areas.
✓ Reduces risks.
✕ Too late for some areas.

Question 26

What is planting trees

Answer 26

Plant trees across the drainage basin.
✓ Absorbs lots of water.
✕ Less land for farming.

Question 27

What is river restoration

Answer 27

Restore natural river system to allow flood plain to flood.
✓ Less risk downstream.
✕ Local flooding.

Question 28

What are embankments

Answer 28

Raised walls along banks.
✓ River holds more.
✕ Risk of breaking.

Question 29

What are relief channels

Answer 29

Artificial channels to divert round important areas.
✓ Protects areas & controlled
✕ Increased discharge where it rejoins.

Question 30

What is straightening

Answer 30

Remove meanders.
✓ Water moves through quickly.
✕ Flooding/erosion downstream.

Question 31

What are dams & reservoirs

Answer 31

Huge walls to create artificial lakes.
✓ Water level can be controlled.
✕ Very expensive.