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Dispensing lec 2nd Exam > Physical incompatibilities > Flashcards

Physical incompatibilities Flashcards

1
Q

Problem that may arise when two or more drugs are combined during compounding, dispensing or administration

A

Drug incompatibility

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2
Q

alteration of a drug effect due to the influence of another substance (i.e. drug, chemical substance, nutrition)

A

Drug interaction

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3
Q

Role of pharmacists in incompatibilities

A

Elucidate
Explain
Predict

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4
Q

Physical incompatibilities

A 
Liquefaction 
Polymorphism 
Incomplete solution 
Precipitation 
Sorption 
Vaporization 
Water loss
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5
Q

Silica gel

A

Hygroscopic

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6
Q

NaCl

A

Deliquescent

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7
Q

Atropine

A

Efflorescent

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8
Q

Alum

A

Efflorescent

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9
Q

Citric acid

A

Efflorescent

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10
Q

SO4, FeSO4

A

Efflorescent

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11
Q

Camphor

A

Eutectia

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12
Q

Phenol

A

Eutectia

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13
Q

Thymol, menthol

A

Eutectia

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14
Q

Examples of polymorphs

A

Aspirin
Theobroma
Chloramphenicol
Sulfanilamide

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15
Q

Types of incomplete solution

A

Insolubility

Immiscibity

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16
Q

Pectin and alcohol

A

Insolubility

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17
Q

Resin and water

A

Insolubility

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18
Q

Gum and alcohol

A

Insolubility

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19
Q

Oil and water

A

Insolubility

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20
Q

Water and amiodarone

A

Immiscibility

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21
Q

Water and clonazepam

A

Immiscibility

22
Q

Solute is thrown out of the solution

A

Precipitation

23
Q

Physical precipitation

A

Salting out

24
Q

Chemical precipitation

A

New compound is formed

25
Q

Precipitation may occur by:

A

1) Organic anions and organic cations (opposite salts)
2) Diluting drug salt solutions such that pH values generate more nonionized forms
3) Mixing organic ions that have the same charge with more than 1 unit difference in drug pKaand solution pH (i.e. sodium salts of different drugs)

26
Q

Factors affecting solubility

A

Solvent
pH
Temperature

27
Q

Management of liquefaction

A
  1. Place in tight-sealed conatiners
  2. Add adsorbent
  3. Substitute Andhydrous form
  4. Place in low humidity environment
28
Q

Management of polymorphism

A

Be familiar with polymorphic drugs/excipients

29
Q

Management for precipitation and Incomplete solution

A
  1. Know the drug’s solubility
  2. Use the ester/salt form
  3. Know the drug’s critical pH
  4. Add solubilizers
  5. Add co-solvent
30
Q

General term for surface phenomena of drugs onto containers, closures, IV tubings, filters, administration devices, etc.

A

Sorption

31
Q

Management of sorption

A

Check literature

Shorten contact time

32
Q

Volatile liquids turn into vapor or gas (volatilization)

A

Vaporization

33
Q

Management of vaporization

A

Store in tight containers

Reduce vapor pressure

34
Q

Management of water loss

A

Store in tight container
Store under correct conditions
Add humectants

35
Q

Manifestation of Chemical Incompatibility

A
  1. Precipitation (formation of new compound)
  2. Change in color
  3. Formation of gas
36
Q

Chemical Incompatibilities

A 
Reduction 
Oxidation 
Hydrolysis 
Photodegradation 
Racemization 
Epimerization
37
Q

Manifests as change in color

A

Oxidation, photodegradation

38
Q

Most common type of incompatibility, most common mechanism of drug degradation

A

Hydrolysis

39
Q

Susceptible groups to hydrolysis

A

Lactams
Esters
Amides
Imines

40
Q

Conversion of one enantiomericallypure mixture to a racemate

A

Racemization

41
Q

Catecholamines (epinephrine)

Local anesthetics

A

Racemization

42
Q

Compound that contains two or more chiral centers

A

Epimers

43
Q

Teyracycline

Pilocarpine

A

Epimerization

44
Q

Other chemical incompatibilities

A

Gelatinization
Cementation
Explosive mixture
Effervescence

45
Q

Gel formation

A

Gelatinization

46
Q

Acacia + iron salts

A

Gelatinization

47
Q

Cake formation

A

Cementation

48
Q

Acacia + bismuth salts

A

Cementation

49
Q

Strong RA + strong OA

A

Explosive mixture

50
Q

KMnO4+ Sugar/ Glycerin

A

Explosive mixture

51
Q

NaHCO3 + tartaric/citric acid

A

Effervescent tablets

Dispensing lec 2nd Exam (4 decks)

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