physical health/Ilnesss Flashcards
1
Q
What is the main focus of positive psychology in health?
A
Promoting mental and physical well-being, rather than just treating illness.
2
Q
How does traditional medicine differ from positive psychology?
A
Traditional medicine focuses on disease models, while positive psychology emphasizes thriving and happiness.
3
Q
What does positive psychology aim to promote?
A
Health, happiness, and psychological well-being, not just the absence of illness.
4
Q
Define self-efficacy.
A
Belief in one’s ability to carry out tasks and overcome challenges.
5
Q
What is self-esteem?
A
How we value ourselves and our abilities.
6
Q
What is social connectedness?
A
Strong social networks contribute to better health outcomes.
7
Q
List practices linked to enhanced well-being and health.
A
- Meditation
- Relaxation
- Spirituality
8
Q
Define resilience.
A
The ability to cope with stress and adversity.
9
Q
What is thriving in the context of positive psychology?
A
Coming out of adversity with improved well-being.
10
Q
What were key factors for psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic?
A
- Sense of agency
- Social connectedness
11
Q
What does health psychology focus on?
A
The connection between psychological factors and physical health.
12
Q
What are key health behaviors that reduce the risk of illness?
A
- Balanced diet
- Regular exercise
- Not smoking
13
Q
Fill in the blank: Engaging in 6-7 health behaviors reduces the risk of death by over _______.
A
50%
14
Q
What are the stages of the Behavior Change Process in the Transtheoretical Model?
A
- Precontemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation
- Action
- Maintenance
- Termination
15
Q
Define primary prevention.
A
Preventing illness and injury before they happen.
16
Q
What is secondary prevention?
A
Identifying and treating illness early to prevent further damage.
17
Q
What does tertiary prevention involve?
A
Managing and containing damage once an illness has progressed.
18
Q
What is the Health Belief Model?
A
Decisions to engage in health behaviors are influenced by perceived ** susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers.**
19
Q
True or False: Effective health campaigns focus solely on pointing out dangers.
A
False
20
Q
What is the Theory of Planned Behavior?
A
Behavior is best predicted by a person’s intention, influenced by attitudes, social norms, and perceived control.
21
Q
How do workplace wellness programs benefit companies?
A
Enhance job satisfaction and reduce stress, leading to improved productivity.
22
Q
What is a key takeaway regarding wellness?
A
Wellness is more than the absence of disease; it is about thriving and improving well-being.
23
Q
What are the components of the health belief model (HBM)?
A
- Perceived susceptibility
- Perceived severity
- Perceived benefits
- Perceived barriers
- Cues to action
24
Q
Fill in the blank: The transtheoretical model (TTM) outlines ______ stages.
A
five
25
What is the health action process approach (HAPA)?
Comprises a goal-setting phase followed by a goal-pursuit phase.
26
What is meant by 'gain-framed message'?
Messages that emphasize positive outcomes from adopting health-promoting behavior.
27
Define 'loss-framed message'.
Messages that emphasize negative outcomes from failing to adopt health-promoting behavior.
28
What is self-monitoring in behavior change?
The initial step in promoting behavior change.
29
What are discriminative stimuli?
Cues or signals that influence the likelihood of a specific behavior occurring based on past reinforcement.
30
What is a stimulus-control intervention?
A behavioral strategy to associate specific cues with certain behaviors.
31
What is a contingency contract?
A written agreement outlining behaviors and rewards or consequences tied to behavioral goals.
32
Define agency.
The capacity of an individual to act independently and influence outcomes.
33
What is allostatic overload?
The physical and mental wear and tear from prolonged or excessive stress.
34
What does biological embedding refer to?
The process by which environmental factors influence biological development and long-term health.
35
What is social integration?
The process of becoming embedded in social networks and community structures.
36
What is the definition of physical activity?
Physical activity involves any bodily movement that requires energy expenditure, such as exercise, walking, cleaning, or shoveling snow.
37
What are the two types of exercise?
* Aerobic: Light or moderate intensity, long duration (e.g., walking, jogging)
* Anaerobic: High intensity, short duration (e.g., sprinting, weightlifting)
38
What are the health benefits of physical activity?
* Prevents numerous health conditions
* Reduces mortality rates
* Enhances cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, and flexibility
* Supports weight control
* Reduces stress and alleviates anxiety and depression
* Reduces cognitive decline with age
39
What is the World Health Organization's recommendation for physical activity?
At least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity 5 days a week to maintain health.
40
What barriers can affect physical activity levels?
* Individual factors: age, attitude, habits
* Environmental factors: access to gyms, parks, or bike paths
41
True or False: Past behavior is a strong predictor of future behavior, including exercise habits.
True
42
What is the importance of sleep?
Essential for physical and psychological health, linked to conditions like cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and obesity.
43
What are the psychological effects of sleep deprivation?
* Irritability
* Reduced focus
* Mood changes
44
What are the stages of sleep?
Sleep involves cycles of deep and REM sleep, each serving different functions, with REM sleep being important for memory consolidation.
45
What is the recommended sleep duration for most adults?
7-9 hours per night.
46
What is insomnia?
Difficulty falling or staying asleep.
47
What is the best treatment for insomnia?
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to address underlying causes.
48
What is sleep apnea?
Interrupted breathing during sleep, leading to lack of restorative deep sleep.
49
What are some strategies to improve sleep habits?
* Maintain a consistent sleep schedule
* Avoid heavy meals and caffeine late in the day
* Create a relaxing bedtime routine
* Avoid using screens before sleep
50
What are the leading causes of injury?
Injuries are a leading cause of death, especially among young adults and adolescents (e.g., car accidents).
51
What high-risk behaviors are associated with injuries in young adults?
Teenagers and young adults, especially males, are more likely to engage in risky behaviors like speeding and not using seat belts.
52
What is Graduated Driver Licensing?
Programs that restrict young drivers' privileges (e.g., no night driving, zero alcohol tolerance) to reduce injury crashes.
53
What types of injuries are common across all ages?
* Accidental injuries (e.g., car crashes)
* Falls (leading cause in the elderly)
* Poisoning (more common in men)
54
What are some injury prevention strategies?
* Promote seatbelt use
* Avoid risky behaviors (e.g., driving under the influence)
* Improve awareness of dangers
55
What does health psychology focus on?
Uses the biopsychosocial model to address health behaviors by considering biological, psychological, and social factors.
56
What are the key components of health psychologists' interventions?
* Personal motivation
* Education
* Environmental factors
57
What is the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
The rate at which the body burns calories while at rest to maintain basic physiological functions.
58
What is cardiorespiratory endurance?
The ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to supply oxygen to muscles during sustained physical activity.
59
What is osteoporosis?
A condition characterized by weakened bones, making them more susceptible to fractures.
60
What is metabolic syndrome (MetS)?
A group of risk factors that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
61
What is metabolic flexibility?
The ability of the body to efficiently switch between burning carbohydrates and fats for energy.
62
What is functional plasticity?
The brain's ability to reorganize and adapt by forming new neural connections.
63
What is a behavior change technique (BCT)?
A structured strategy or method used to change an individual's behavior.
64
What does mHealth stand for?
Mobile health, referring to the use of mobile devices to support health-related behaviors.
65
What is circadian rhythm?
The body’s internal 24-hour cycle regulating sleep, wakefulness, and other physiological processes.
66
What is cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)?
A structured treatment aimed at changing thoughts and behaviors that contribute to sleep difficulties.
67
What is intentional injury?
Harm or injury that is purposely inflicted, such as in the case of violence or self-harm.
68
What is occupational health psychology (OHP)?
A field of psychology focusing on the study and improvement of employees' well-being, health, and safety in the workplace.
69
What recent change was made to Canada's Food Guide?
Reduced carbohydrate recommendations, emphasizing fruits and vegetables over processed grains.
70
What tool helps individuals make healthier eating choices in the U.S.?
'My Plate' app.
71
What percentage of daily calories should come from sugar according to health guidelines?
10%.
72
What does the Glycemic Index (GI) measure?
How quickly carbs convert to glucose.
73
Name two examples of low GI foods.
* Oatmeal
* Sweet potatoes
74
Name two examples of high GI foods.
* White bread
* Cereal
75
What are some unhealthy eating trends mentioned?
* Fast food
* Large portion sizes
* Social and situational eating
76
What is food security?
Lack of access to healthy foods, especially in food deserts, linked to health disparities.
77
What does Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) refer to?
Rate at which the body burns calories at rest.
78
What is the Set Point Hypothesis?
The body regulates weight through hunger and metabolism.
79
How is obesity defined?
Excessive body fat, measured via BMI.
80
What are the two patterns of fat distribution?
* Male-pattern obesity (abdominal fat)
* Female-pattern obesity (hips/thighs)
81
What factors influence obesity risk?
* Genetics
* Diet
* Activity level
82
What psychological factors contribute to obesity?
* Stress
* Social eating
* Income level
* Peer influences
83
Why do diets often fail?
Restrictive eating leads to temporary weight loss but often results in regain.
84
What strategies help in behavior modification for sustainable eating habits?
* Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
* Positive reinforcement strategies
85
What is Anorexia Nervosa?
Severe caloric restriction due to distorted body image.
86
What characterizes Bulimia Nervosa?
Binge eating followed by purging.
87
What is Binge Eating Disorder?
Compulsive overeating without purging.
88
What are the contributing factors to eating disorders?
* Biological: Genetic predisposition
* Psychological: Emotional distress, body dissatisfaction
* Social: Family dynamics, media influence, societal beauty standards
89
What is the most effective treatment for eating disorders?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).
90
What are the five categories of nutrients required by the body?
* Proteins
* Fats
* Carbohydrates
* Vitamins
* Minerals
91
What chronic conditions are commonly associated with obesity?
* Hypertension
* Diabetes
* Heart disease
* Cancer
92
What is the relationship between obesity and education level?
Obesity is inversely related to education and occupation level.
93
What are adipocytes?
Fat cells that store energy and regulate energy balance.
94
What is the role of Leptin?
A hormone that signals the brain to reduce appetite and increase energy expenditure.
95
What are food deserts?
Areas with limited access to affordable and nutritious food.
96
What are competitive foods?
Foods sold in schools that are not part of regular nutritional guidelines.
97
What is Muscle Dysmorphia (MD)?
A psychological disorder characterized by obsession with insufficient muscle mass.
98
What does interoception refer to?
The ability to sense and perceive internal bodily states.
99
Front: What are the different models of addiction?
Biological Model: Addiction is influenced by neurotransmitter imbalances and genetics.
Reward System Model: Addiction results from the brain’s drive to seek pleasurable effects.
Learning Theory: Addiction is a learned behavior reinforced by social environments.
Comprehensive Model: Combines biological, psychological, and social factors for a more holistic understanding of addiction.
100
What are the concepts of tolerance, withdrawal, and addiction?
Tolerance: Repeated use of a substance leads to reduced sensitivity, requiring larger doses for the same effect.
Withdrawal: The body's reaction to the absence of a substance, often leading to symptoms opposite of the drug's effects.
Addiction: A craving driven by dopamine effects in the brain’s reward system, not just physical dependence.
101
What is a behavioral addiction?
A behavioral addiction is a compulsive dependency on activities (e.g., gambling, social media) that produce pleasure or relief, similar to substance addiction. It is characterized by continued engagement despite negative consequences.
102
What are the effects of marijuana and the health risks associated with its use?
Marijuana contains THC, which alters mood, time perception, and memory.
Long-term use may affect memory, language proficiency, and motivation, especially in adolescents. It can also damage brain areas associated with memory corpus cerebellum.
103
What are some treatment options for alcohol use disorder?
Antabuse: Causes nausea when combined with alcohol as an aversion therapy.
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA): Focuses on abstinence and social support.
Moderation-Based Programs: Aims for control over alcohol use without complete abstinence.
104
What are the short-term and long-term effects of alcohol?
Short-Term Effects: Euphoria, reduced anxiety, disinhibition, and alcohol myopia (reduced ability to consider long-term consequences).
Long-Term Effects: Cognitive impairments (memory loss), liver damage, immune system suppression, and brain degradation.
105
What are the mechanisms of action for drugs on neurotransmitter systems?
Agonistic Effects: Drugs that increase neurotransmitter activity, either by increasing production, mimicking neurotransmitters, or preventing re-uptake (e.g., cocaine, alcohol).
Antagonistic Effects: Drugs that block neurotransmitter activity by interfering with synthesis, release, or receptor binding (e.g., antipsychotic medications).
106
What are psychoactive drugs, and how do they impact the brain?
Psychoactive drugs are substances that alter thinking, perception, and behavior by affecting neurotransmitter systems in the brain. They are categorized into three groups:
Stimulants (e.g., cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine) increase neural activity.
Depressants (e.g., alcohol, opioids) decrease nervous system activity.
Hallucinogens (e.g., marijuana, LSD) cause perceptual changes.
107
What is drug potentiation?
Drug potentiation refers to the phenomenon where the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects, often because one drug enhances the activity of the other.
108
Nicotine-Titration Model
The nicotine-titration model suggests that long-term smokers regulate their intake of nicotine to maintain a constant level in their body. This model explains why it is challenging to quit smoking due to the need to maintain nicotine levels.
109
What are alcohol expectancy effects?
Alcohol expectancy effects refer to the beliefs individuals have about the effects of alcohol before consuming it. These expectations can influence drinking behavior and contribute to the development of alcohol use disorder, particularly when positive expectations are formed.
110
What are the health risks of vaping compared to smoking cigarettes?
While vaping may appear less harmful than smoking traditional cigarettes, it still exposes users to toxic substances like formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and toxic metal nanoparticles. Smoking, however, is more directly linked to severe health issues like lung cancer, heart disease, and respiratory problems.
111
What role does the nucleus accumbens (NAC) play in addiction?
The nucleus accumbens (NAC) is a brain region crucial in the reward system. It processes pleasure, motivation, and reinforcement, and plays a significant role in the development of addictive behaviors by reinforcing pleasurable activities or substances.
112
How does behavioral undercontrol contribute to addiction?
Behavioral undercontrol is a personality trait where an individual has difficulty regulating their impulses, emotions, or behaviors. This trait, especially when combined with negative emotionality, can increase susceptibility to addictive behaviors, such as alcohol or drug abuse.
