Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Microscopy - Strasinger > Physical Examination of Urine > Flashcards

Physical Examination of Urine Flashcards

1
Q

what must be determined during the physical examination of urine

A
  • color
  • clarity
  • specific gravity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what causes the yellow pigment of the urine

A

urochrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

who termed the word “urochrome”

A

thudichum in 1864

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

urochrome can be increased in px w/?

A
  • increased in thyroid conditions
  • increased for those in fasting states
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

urochrome can also be increased when

A

left standing at room temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

a pink pigment caused by precipitation of amorphous urates in acidic urine due to refrigeration

A

uroerythrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

an oxidation product of urobilinogen which imparts an orange-brown color in a urine that is not fresh

A

urobilin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

pale yellow urine; increased urine volume; low SG

A

diabetes insipidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

pale yellow urine; increased urine volume; high SG; (+) glucose
cause:

A

DM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

px taking b complex vitamins
color of urine:

A

dark yellow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

strenuous exercise or first morning urine color of urine:

A

dark yellow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fever and burns
cause and color of urine:

A

dehydration; dark yellow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

yellow foam when shaken; (+) result for bilirubin
cause; color of urine:

A

Increased bilirubin; dark yellow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

(-) bile test and possible green fluorescence
cause and color of urine:

A

acriflavine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

antibiotic administered for urinary tract infections
cause and color of urine:

A

nitrofurantoin; dark yellow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

drug commonly administered for UTI; orange-yellow urine color
cause:

A

phenazopyridine (pyridium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

anticoagulant, orange in alkaline urine, colorless in acid urine
cause and color of urine:

A

phenindione; orange yellow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when using phenindione, what is the color of the px when urine pH is alkaline? how about when the pH is acidic?

A

alkaline: orange or orange yellow
acid: colorless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

anti-inflammatory drug that causes orange yellow urine?

A

sulfasalazine (azulfidine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

sulfasalazine (azulfidine) is an anti-inflammatory drug that cause _ urine color?

A

orange-yellow urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

colored foam in acidic urine but false negative chemical test in bilirubin
cause and color of urine:

A

biliverdin (due to oxidation of bilirubin); yellow-green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

positive urine culture
cause and color of urine:

A

p. aeruginosa; green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

px eats asparagus and turns it into what color of urine (not everybody has this, some px are just genetically disposed of producing this kind of urine color)

A

green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

an anti-depressant that turns urine into blue green color

A

amitriptyline (elavil)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

amitriptyline is an antidepressant, it turns urine into what color?

A

blue green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

a muscle relaxant that produces blue green color

A

methocarbamol (robaxin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

methocarbamol (robaxin) is a muscle relaxant that cause __ color in the urine

A

blue green/green brown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

when ingesting clorets, what would the color of your urine be? clorets are chewing gums

A

blue green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

when u have bacterial infections or intestinal disorders, your urine may have a distince blue green color. what causes this?

A

production of indican, an indole byproduct (trytophan is broken down into indican by bacterial overgrowth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

when the px has a fistula, they might have what color of urine?

A

blue green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

oxidation of phenol leads to what urine color

A

blue green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what anesthetic produces blue green color?

A

propofol (diprivan)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

blue diaper syndrome
cause and color of urine?

A

familial hypercalcemia; blue green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as indomethacin (indocin//tivorbex) causes _ color in the urine

A

blue green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Cloudy urine with positive chemical test results for blood
and RBCs visible microscopically
cause and urine color?

A

pink red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is the cause of cloudy urine with positive chemical test results for blood
and RBCs visible microscopically

A

rbcs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Clear urine with positive chemical test results for blood; intravascular hemolysis
- color?

A

pink red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the cause of clear urine with positive chemical test results for blood; intravascular hemolysis

A

hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Clear urine with positive chemical test results for blood; muscle damage
color?

A

pink red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is the cause of clear urine with positive chemical test results for blood; muscle damage

A

myoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

people who are genetically susceptible to beets have ___ color of urine

A

pink red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

px diagnosed with TB medication such as rifampin have _ color of urine

A

pink red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

TB medication that cause pink red urine color

A

rifampin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Cloudy specimen with RBCs, mucus, and clots

A

menstruation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

negative result for blood but have portwine color in urine

A

porphyrins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

cause of red-brown urine seen in acidic urine after standing; (+) for blood

A

Methemoglobin (RBC oxidation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

when methemoglobin is present, what is the color of the urine

A

red-brown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

methemoglobin is formed when there is oxidation of RBCs, give examples on how it is formed?

A
  • acidic urine after standing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

aside from methemoglobin giving red-brown urine color, give another example

A

myoglobin

50
Q

a brown black urine is seen in an alkaline urine when standing, what is the cause of this?

A

homogentisic acid (alkaptonuria)

51
Q

homogentisic acid (alkaptonuria) causes __ urine color

A

brown black

52
Q

px with malignant melanoma or with excess melanin/melanogen have darkened urine when standing due to the addition of what oxidizers?

A
  • ferric chloride
  • sodium nitroprusside
53
Q

when ferric chloride/sodium nitroprusside is added to a urine from px with malignant melanoma, what is the color of their urine?

A

brown black

54
Q

phenol derivatives might interfere with copper reduction tests and might produce
__ urine color

A

brown black

55
Q

when using copper reduction test, it is important to not have any ___ or ____ that might cause the urine to have a brown black color

A

phenol or phenol derivatives

56
Q

color disappears with ferric chloride

A

antiseptic (argyrol) - brown black urine

57
Q

antihypertensive (methyldopa/levodopa) causes __ urine color

A

brown black

58
Q

brown black urine color may be observed when using anti-hypertensive medicine such as?

A

methyldopa and levodopa

59
Q

what medication is used for intestinal and vaginal infections

A

metronidazole

60
Q

metronidazole is a medication used for intestinal and vaginal infxns, it often causes _ urine color

A

brown black

61
Q

antimalarial drugs that cause brown black urine

A

chloroquine and primaquine

62
Q

chloroquine and primaquine are antimalarial drugs that causes ___ urine color

A

brown black

63
Q

muscle relaxant that can either cause blue green or brown black urine

A

methocarbamol (robaxin)

64
Q

fava beans, rhubarb or aloe can cause what kind of urine color

A

brown black

65
Q

large amount of white foam when shaken indicates?

A

increased protein concentration

66
Q

does the oxidation of urobilinogen to urobilin have yellow foam appearance when shaken?

A

no (only urine with bilirubin has an appearance of yellow foam when shaken)

67
Q

what is mistaken for bilirubin when it shaken, since it also produces yellow foam?

A

phenazopyridine (pyridium) or azo-gantrisin

68
Q

intact rbcs (physical appearance)

A
  • red and cloudy
69
Q

hemoglobin and myoglobin (physical appearance)

A
  • red and clear (to distinguish them, look at their plasma)
70
Q

which is cleared rapidly? hgb or mgb

A

mgb (thats why when distinguishing them through plasma, the plasma appears clear when myoglobin is suspected since it is cleared rapidly)

71
Q

nonpathogenic causes of red urine

A
  • menstruation
  • ingestion of highly pigmented food/ medication (beets - red color in alkaline urine; blackberries - red color in acidic urine)
  • ingestion of highly pigmented medication (rifampin, phenolphthalein, phenindione, phenothiazines)
72
Q

melanin is an oxidation product of

A

melanogen (colorless product) produced in excess when a px has malignant melanoma

73
Q

homogentisic acid is a metabolite of

A

phenylalanine

74
Q

homogentisic acid imparts a black color to alkaline urine from px with inborn error of metabolism called?

A

alkaptonuria

75
Q

A purple staining may occur in catheter bags and is caused by indican in the urine or a bacterial infection, frequently caused

A

Klebsiella or providencia species

76
Q

precipitation of amorphous phosphates and carbonates may cause

A

white cloudiness in an alkaline urine

77
Q

amorphous urates in an acid urine produces ___ due to uroerythrin

A

pink brick dust/pink pigment

78
Q

urine clarity:
No visible particulates, transparent

A

clear

79
Q

urine clarity:
Few particulates, print easily seen through urine

A

hazy

80
Q

urine clarity:
Many particulates, print blurred through urine

A

cloudy

81
Q

urine clarity:
print cannot be seen through urine

A

turbid

82
Q

urine clarity:
may precipitate or be clotted

A

milky

83
Q

clear

A

no visible particulates, transparent

84
Q

hazy

A

few particulates, print easily seen through urine

85
Q

cloudy

A

many particulates, print blurred through urine

86
Q

turbid

A

print cannot be seen through urine

87
Q

milky

A

may precipitate or be clotted

88
Q

common pathological turbidity

A
  • rbcs
  • wbcs
  • bacteria
89
Q

is used to describe urine with an SG of 1.010

A

isosthenuric

90
Q

is used to describe urine with an SG of above 1.010

A

hypersthenuric

91
Q

is used to describe urine with an SG of below 1.010

A

hyposthenuric

92
Q

SG is influenced by

A
  • number of particles
  • size of particles
93
Q

determines the concentration of dissolved particles in a specimen by measuring refractive index

A

refractometry

94
Q

is a comparison of the velocity of light in the air with the velocity of light in a solution

A

refractive index

95
Q

are temperature corrections necessary when using refractometers

A

no because the light beam passes through a temperature-compensating liquid before being directed at the specific gravity scale

96
Q

in refractometers, temperature is compensated between

A

15°C and 38°C

97
Q

how is refractometer calibrated?

A
  • using distilled water; it should give a reading of 1.000 SG
97
Q

in refractometers, corrections for glucose
and protein

A

glucose : subtract 0.004 for each gram
protein : subtract 0.003 for each gram

98
Q

in refractometer, the calibration is further checked using ___ or _____

A
  • 5% NaCl; 1.022 ± 0.001
  • 9% sucrose; 1.034 ± 0.001
99
Q

Results that are abnormally high—above 1.040—are seen in patients who have recently undergone an

A

IV pyelogram (excretion of the injected radiographic contrast media)

100
Q

High SG above 1.040 is caused by?

A
  • iv pyelogram (radiographic contrast media)
  • dextran
  • plasma expanders
101
Q

high sg above 1.040 can be measured through ___ or ____

A

rgt strip (chemical) or osmometry

102
Q

is affected only by the number of particles present

A

osmolality

103
Q

in osmolality, small molecules primarily ___ and ____ is important in evaluating renal concentration ability

A

sodium and chloride

104
Q

in osmolality, ___ which is not an important substance will contribute more to the sg than sodium and chloride

A

urea

105
Q

An _____ is defined as 1 g molecular weight of a substance divided by the number of particles into which it dissociates

A

osmole

106
Q

glucose contains how many osmole per gram

A

180 g per osmole

107
Q

nacl contains how many osmole per gram

A

58.5 g per osmole (29.25g per osmole if dissociated)

108
Q

consists of a weighted float attached to a
scale that has been calibrated in terms of urine specific gravity

A

urinometer

109
Q

Solute dissolved in solvent causes the following changes in colligative properties:

A

Lower FV; Higher OB
- freezing point
- vapor pressure

  • osmotic pressure
  • boiling point
110
Q

The —- is based on the change in pKa
(dissociation constant) of a polyelectrolyte in an alkaline medium

A

reagent strip reaction

111
Q

increased sg leads to what changes in the pH?

A
  • lowering of the pH (acid urine)
112
Q

— is based on the principle that the frequency of a sound wave entering a solution changes in proportion to the density of the solution

A

Harmonic oscillation densitometry

113
Q

normal urine odor

A

aromatic

114
Q

bacterial decomposition, urinary tract infection urine odor

A

foul, ammonia-like

115
Q

Ketones (diabetes mellitus,
starvation, vomiting)

A

Fruity, sweet

116
Q

Maple syrup urine disease

A

Maple syrup

117
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

Mousy

118
Q

Tyrosinemia

A

Rancid

119
Q

Isovaleric acidemia

A

Sweaty feet

120
Q

Methionine malabsorption

A

Cabbage

121
Q

Contamination

A

Bleach

Clinical Microscopy - Strasinger (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions