Physical disability Flashcards
What is sarcopenia?
muscle disease rooted in adverse muscle changes that accrue across a lifetime
What types of sarcopenia are there?
- primary sarcopenia > age related, no other cause
- secondary sarcopenia > disease, malnutrition, inactivity etc.
what are risk factors for sarcopenia?
- Hormones (testosterone, IGF-1 and catabolic hormones) including abnormal thyroid function
- malnutrition
- immobility
- decline amount nerve cells
- inflammation
- inactivity
- cancer
- diabetes
What are the phases of sarcopenia?
- pre-sarcopenia > decreased muscle mass only
- sarcopenia > decreased muscle strength or performance
- severe sarcopenia > decreased muscle mass, strength and performance
What are the possible treatments of sarcopenia?
- hormone supplements
- nutritional supplements > vitamins, fatty acids etc.
- exercise > resistance or strength training
- medication for treatment of metabolic syndrome > diabetes
With aging come muscle mass decline, what fibers are affected?
there is a loss of Type II fibers.
What happens with the muscles in general with aging?
muscle fibers reduce in number and shrink in size, muscle tissue is slowly replaced with tough, fibrous tissue. less ability to contract due to changes in nervous system.
what happens to the bones with aging?
less bone is replaced > decrease in bone mass. bones in arms and legs become brittle due to mineral loss.
What happens to the disk in vertebrae with aging?
disks lose fluid and become thinner > trunk (middle body) becomes shorter.
What happens to the joints with aging?
become less flexible, can calcify, there is loss of cartilage, in finger joints there is often swelling > osteophytes
osteoathritis!
What is osteoporosis?
disorder of skeleton, deterioration of the bone mass ad micro architecture. increases the chance of fracture.
What is BMD?
bone mineral density, decreases more in osteoporosis, increases risk of fractures. linked to frailty
What are the causes of osteoporosis?
- Vit D deficiency
- inflammation in body
- decrease in oestrogen
- zero gravity
- medicine seizure, cancers etc.
What are risk factors for osteoporosis?
- low body weight,
- smoking
- eating disorders
- alcohol abuse
- ethnicity
- aging
What type of osteoporosis do we have?
- primary osteoporosis, age related
- secondary osteoporosis, cause by life style behaviours
What are the phases of osteoporosis?
- activation of bone remodeling at a specific site
- bone resorption and concurrent recruitment of MSC and osteoprogenitors
- osteoblast differentiation and function
- mineralisation of osteoid and completion of bone remodelling, this is abnormal causing reduced bone mass and strength
What happens if oestrogen level goes down, but FSH level goes up? (bones)
this causes more bone resorption > more bone loss
What are the 3 aging related factors that help in bone formation?
- ROS
- IGF
- PTH
For women, main cause of bone resorption during aging is menopause, what is the cause for men?
decrease in availability of androgen and oestrogen.
what happens with the thyroid glands during aging?
- thyroid becomes lumpier (nodular)
- metabolism slows down
How do parathyroid glands affect osteoporosis?
parathyroid hormone affects calcium and phosphate levels, which affects bone strength. the hormone levels rise with age, which may contribute to osteoporosis
What is menopause?
Naturally declining reproductive hormones. As you approach your late 30s, your ovaries start making less estrogen and progesterone — the hormones that regulate menstruation — and your fertility declines. for women!
what is andropause?
Andropause refers to the symptoms men experience as their testosterone production levels decrease with age. leydig cells produce less testosterone
what is somatopause?
progressive decline of GH and IGF-1, for both men and women. due to progressive apoptosis of androgen-secreting cells.
What are the steps of functional disability?
- robustness
- pre-frailty
- frailty
- disability
What are the hormones that usually decline with age?
- aldosterone
- renin
- testosterone for men
- oestrogen for women
What are the hormones that increase with aging?
- FSH
- LH
- norepinephrine
- parathyroid hormones
What are the hormones that remains unchanged during aging?
- cortisol (blood level remains unchanged
- epinephrine
- insulin
- thyroid hormones
