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BBS 2002 cradle to grave > Alzheimer's > Flashcards

Alzheimer's Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to the brain mass during aging?

A

brain volume decreases, frontal lobe and hippocampus shrink more than other areas.

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2
Q

What happens to the cortical density during aging?

A

There is a decrease in synaptic connections, the wrinkled outer layer thins (contains neuronal cell bodies)

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3
Q

Decrease in what chemical are there in the neurotransmitter system during aging?

A

decrease in Ach, dopamine and serotonin

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4
Q

What happens in the white matter during aging?

A
  • deterioration of fibre connections
  • loss of small little myelin that are later developed
  • structural integrity changes
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5
Q

What happens with the grey matter during aging?

A
  • cortical thinning
  • shrinking of neurons
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6
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Knowledge about facts

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7
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Memory of experiences

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8
Q

What are the positive features of AD?

A
  • dystrophic neurites
  • microgliosis
  • astrogliosis
  • neurofibrillary tangles (accumulaten of protein TAU)
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9
Q

What are the negative features of AD?

A
  • loss of neurons
  • loss of neuropil
  • loss of synaptic elements
  • reduced grey matter volume
  • reduced structural integrity
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10
Q

What more characteristics of AD are there?

A
  • neuroinflammation
  • lipid dysbalance
  • BBB dysruption
  • cognitive decline
  • presence Hirano bodies
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11
Q

What happens in neuroinflammation?

A
  • mainly driven by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
  • microglia are activated by PAMPs or DAMPs
  • astrocytes release cytokines, ILs and nitric oxide
  • Chronic exposure to these inflammatory mediators cause neurodegeneration
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12
Q

What happens in the BBB dysruption?

A
  • breakdown BB causes toxic molecules, cell parasites or microbial agents to enter the brain
  • Immune response to this causes neurodegeneration
  • Microbleeds cause release of Fe2+, inflammation
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13
Q

What lipids are disbalanced?

A

-cholesterol
- Sphingolipids
- phospholipids
- gangliosides

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14
Q

What are hirano bodies?

A

intracellular aggregates of actin and actin-associated proteins

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15
Q

What happens in cognitive decline?

A
  • restriction daily routing
  • episodic and semantic memory deficits
  • deficits in executive function
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16
Q

What are the most important symptoms of early onset AD?

A
  • vision or dept perception problem
  • increasingly poor judgement
  • withdrawal work and social situations
  • changes in mood and personality
  • losing track of date, time, where you are and how you got there
17
Q

What are some riskfactors of AD?

A
  • aging
  • carrier of APOE4
  • familial history of mutations
  • lifestyle
  • obesity and hypercholesterolemia
  • cerebrovascular diseases and head trauma.
18
Q

What are preventive factors of AD?

A
  • physical activity
  • Vitamin E can reduce AB aggregation
  • mediterranean diet
  • cognitive stimulating activities
19
Q

There is no treatment yet for AD, what are the symptomatic treatments of AD?

A
  • cholisterinase inhibitors, such as donepezil(prevents acetylcholine to be degraded, this is essential for processing memory and learning)
  • NMDA-antagonists, such as memantine, blocks NMDA receptors and prevents glutamate from entering the cell
  • antiAB antibodies, for the removal of brain amyloid B peptide.
20
Q

What are the characteristics of early onset AD?

A
  • family heritage
  • genetic causes, chromosome 1,14 and 21
  • people with down syndrome have a higher chance
  • 5% of AD patients
  • younger than 65 years old. around 40 usually
21
Q

What are the characteristics of late onset AD?

A
  • no hereditics
  • 95% of AD patients
  • might have genetic causes
  • crucial role of environmental factors
  • later than 65 yo
22
Q

What are the 3 single-gene mutations that are associated with early-onset alzheimer’s disease?

A
  • presenilin 1 (PSEN1)on chromosome 14
  • presenilin 2 (PSEN2) on chromosome 1
  • amyloid precursor protein on chromosome 21
23
Q

What are the functions of the APOE alleles?

A
  • APOE 2 lowers the risk of AD
  • APOE 3 does not affect the risk of AD
  • APOE 4 heightens the risk of AD, associated with down syndrome

BBS 2002 cradle to grave (10 decks)

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