physical considerations of aging

Question 1

the central nervous system includes:

Answer 1

-brain
-spinal cord
-nerves

Question 2

the peripheral nervous system includes:

Answer 2

the nerves that connect the CNS with organs, muscles, and skin

Question 3

what are the two subsets of the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 3

autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system

Question 4

function of the autonomic system

Answer 4

regulates various body processes unconsciously, including blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, digestion, and control of the fight-or-flight response

Question 5

the somatic nervous system consists of the…

Answer 5

nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with muscles and sensory receptors in the skin

Question 6

function of the somatic nervous system

Answer 6

-voluntary control of movement
-communicates between the periphery and the spinal cord

Question 7

__________ nerves transmit information from the periphery to the spinal cord and brain

Answer 7

sensory

Question 8

________ nerves transmit information back to the muscles to stimulate movement.

Answer 8

motor

Question 9

Age-related changes in the nervous system fall under three areas

Answer 9

1. structural
   2.sensory
2. behavioral

Question 10

Brain structure and function begin to decline with age by an average rate of __% per year

Answer 10

1% decrease

Question 11

Aging also effects communication within the CNS and PNS via neurotransmitters such as ________, _________, ________

Answer 11

dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine

Question 12

orthostatic hypotension is a result of:

Answer 12

the heart and blood vessel’s decrease in sensitivity to norepinephrine

Question 13

For older adults, it is more likely that visual acuity will decrease to ______

Answer 13

20/70

Question 14

Farsightedness

Answer 14

the inability to see close objects or small print

Question 15

what causes farsightedness?

Answer 15

flexibility of the lens of the eye decreases as the body ages. This loss of flexibility causes the focal point of vision to change.

Question 16

what causes changes in color perception?

Answer 16

the lens of the eye becomes rigid and less clear

Question 17

what causes increased time to adjust to changing light conditions?

Answer 17

A yellowing of the lens of the eye

Question 18

More than ___% of people aged 65 or older have some degree of hearing loss

Answer 18

30%

Question 19

the degree of hearing loss increases to more than _____% in adults aged 75 or older

Answer 19

50%

Question 19

Conductive hearing loss

Answer 19

results from the inability of sound waves to transmit effectively from the outer ear to the inner ear.

Question 20

Sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 20

This is due to damaged structures of the inner ear. This may result in an extreme sensitivity to certain noises or cause a ringing or hissing sound in the ear.

Question 21

what kind of hearing loss can be helped with hearing aids?

Answer 21

conductive hearing loss

Question 22

what are the 2 categories of age related changes in the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 22

1. structural
2. functional

Question 23

physically active adults maintain muscle fiber size until roughly age _____

Answer 23

age 60

Question 24

what musculoskeletal elements are lowered from aging?

Answer 24

-muscle mass -muscle strength -fiber number (particularly type II) -reduced type II fiber distribution -fiber specific force -energy release (from reduced oxidative capacity) -amount of satellite cells associated with type II fibers

Question 25

what musculoskeletal elements are increased from aging?

Answer 25

-fat and connective tissue amount -increased type 1 fiber distribution

Question 26

osteopenia is more present in what population?

Answer 26

women after menopause

Question 27

what musculoskeletal elements are impaired from aging?

Answer 27

-Muscle proteins (myosin) (because of biochemical changes -Excitation-contraction coupling (because of uncoupling and fragmentation of cellular elements)

Question 28

What causes the decrease in bone mass with aging?

Answer 28

bone resorption happens at a faster rate than ossification, resulting in a decrease in bone mass or density

Question 29

what age does bone mass peak?

Answer 29

30 years old

Question 30

Structural changes and a weakening of joints with age include

Answer 30

-microtear -calcification -increase in cross-linking within joint collagen -wear and tear of joints

Question 31

Aging affects the joints predominantly due to _________ changes occurring within the joint complex.

Answer 31

structural

Question 32

why does the loss of cartilage lead to decreased joint stability?

Answer 32

there is a lack of blood supply to the cartilage, tendons, and ligaments

Question 33

the cardiovascular system includes

Answer 33

the heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins, and venules

Question 34

The heart sends oxygenated blood through the _______ and ________ and receives deoxygenated blood from the ________ and ________.

Answer 34

1. arteries and arterioles 2. veins and venules

Question 35

where does cellular respiration occur?

Answer 35

in the capillaries where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide

Question 36

What are the changes in the right ventricle from aging?

Answer 36

-reduced systolic function -reduced diastolic function

Question 37

what are the changes in the left ventricle from aging?

Answer 37

-Left ventricular hypertrophy -Dependence on atrial contribution -impaired contractility and relaxation

Question 38

what are the changes in the vascular structures from aging?

Answer 38

-Increased arterial stiffness -Systolic hypertension

Question 39

what are the changes in cardiac output from aging?

Answer 39

-Preserved resting cardiac output -Preserved ejection fraction

Question 40

what are the changes in the cardiovascular system's physiology from aging?

Answer 40

-Blunted baroreceptor reflex -Decreased adregenergic responsiveness

Question 41

what are the changes in the body's response to stress due to aging?

Answer 41

-Decreased reliance on heart rate -Increased cardiac output due to increased stroke volume

Question 42

Maximal heart rate decreases by about ____ to _____% between the ages of 25 and 85

Answer 42

30 to 50%

Question 43

Maximal cardiac output decreases roughly ___% between ages 20 and 80

Answer 43

30%

Question 44

the respiratory system consists of:

Answer 44

-the nose -pharynx -larynx -trachea -the lungs (which contain bronchi, the bronchial tree, and alveoli.

Question 45

which muscles play a significant role in the respiratory system?

Answer 45

- the chest wall, including the intercostal and diaphragm muscles

Question 46

what are the age-related changes to the respiratory system?

Answer 46

- a loss of the elasticity of lung tissue that leads to a reduction in the time airways are open -enlarged alveoli trigger the bronchioles to collapse, resulting in trapped air -As the diaphragm and intercostal muscles weaken with age, this leads to stiffness in the chest wall and diminishes the lungs' ability to expand and contract

Question 47

how does physical activity affect the resting heart rate of older individuals?

Answer 47

the resting heart rate decreases, which raises the stroke volume at rest

Question 48

what else can affect stroke volume?

Answer 48

maximal exertion and maximal cardiac output

Question 49

arteriovenous oxygen difference

Answer 49

a measure of the amount of oxygen taken up from the blood by the tissues.

Question 50

The _________ the amount of oxygen extracted by the tissues, the greater the arteriovenous oxygen difference

Answer 50

greater

Question 51

the endocrine system consists of:

Answer 51

-pituitary gland -thyroid gland -parathyroid glands - adrenal glands -pancreas -ovaries (in females) -testicles (in males).

Question 52

What are the hormonal changes for a woman in her 20s?

Answer 52

Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and all other hormones are at their peak

Question 53

What are the hormonal changes for a man in his 20s?

Answer 53

Testosterone and all other hormones are at their peak

Question 54

what are the hormonal changes for a woman in her 30s?

Answer 54

-Metabolism slows down -Fertility decreases -Hormone production declines

Question 55

what are the hormonal changes for a man in his 30s?

Answer 55

-Muscle mass peaks -Weight gain begins -You notice subtle changes in how you look and feel -Hormones begin to decline

Question 56

what are the hormonal changes for a woman in her 40s?

Answer 56

-Libido is declining -Mood swings -Muscle loss and weight gain -Hormones have declined to the point of deficiency

Question 57

what are the hormonal changes for a man in his 40s?

Answer 57

-Libido and function declines -Sleeping is an issue -Hormones have declined to the point of deficiency

Question 58

what are the hormonal changes for a woman who is 50+?

Answer 58

-Menopause has arrived -Low energy levels and fatigue -More weight gain -Memory loss and insomnia -Hormones are at deficient levels

Question 59

what are the hormonal changes for a man who is 50+?

Answer 59

-Andropause has arrived -Low energy levels -More weight gain -Memory loss -Hormones are at deficient levels

Question 60

A normal range of testosterone is ______ to ________ ng/dL in men

Answer 60

300 to 1,000 ng/dL.

Question 61

at what testosterone level do symptoms of Low-T appear in men?

Answer 61

When levels fall below 300 ng/dL

Question 62

factors affecting self-efficacy

Answer 62

-social modelling -mastering behaviors -physical and emotional responses -social persuasion

Question 63

5 steps to greater achievement

Answer 63

1. Vision 2. Strategy 3. Belief 4. Persistence 5. Learning

Question 64

SMART goal

Answer 64

S- specific M- measurable A- achievable R- relevant T- time bound