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Lifespan Developmental Psych Quiz > Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthod > Flashcards

Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthod Flashcards

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1
Q

Functional Age

A
  • Actual competence and performance

- May not match chronological age

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2
Q

Life Expectancy Increasing in North America

A
  • Lower infant mortality

- Lower adult deaths

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3
Q

Life Expectancy Group differences

A
  • Women live longer
  • SES
  • Ethnicity
  • Nationality
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4
Q

Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)

A
  • Basic self-care tasks

- Bathing, dressing, eating

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5
Q

Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs)

A
  • Conducting business of everyday life
  • Require cognitive competence
  • Shopping, food prep, housekeeping
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6
Q

Factors in a Long Life

A

-Heredity
-Environment/Lifestyle
Healthy diet, normal weight
Exercise
Low substance use
Optimism
Low stress
Social support
Community involvement
Learning

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7
Q

Aging and the Nervous System

A

-Loss of brain weight accelerates after 60
-Neurons lost in frontal lobes, corpus callosum, cerebellum (balance), glial cells
-Autonomic nervous system less efficient
-Brain can compensate
New fibers, neurons
New connections
Use more parts of brain

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8
Q

Visual Impairments and Aging

A
  • Lower visual acuity
  • Poor dark adaptation, sensitivity to glare
  • Decreased color, depth perception
  • Cataracts
  • Macular degeneration
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9
Q

Vision Problems Effects of Sensory Changes

A
  • Changes in leisure activities

- Possible problems in daily activities

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10
Q

Hearing Loss Effects of Sensory Changes

A
  • Social isolation

- Lower safety and enjoyment

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11
Q

Decreased Taste and Smell Effects of Sensory Changes

A

Nutritional, safety risks

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12
Q

Less Sensitive Touch Effects of Sensory Changes

A

Difficulties with leisure, daily activities

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13
Q

Aging Cardiovascular/Respiratory Systems of the Body

A
  • Heartbeat less forceful; slower heart rate, blood flow
  • Vital lung capacity cut by half
  • Less oxygen to tissues
  • Exercise helps
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14
Q

Aging Immune System of the Body

A
  • Effectiveness declines
  • More infectious, autoimmune diseases
  • Stress-related susceptibility
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15
Q

Sleep and Aging

A
  • Need as much total sleep as younger adults: 7 hours/night
  • Earlier bedtime and wake-up
  • More difficulties including Insomnia, Nighttime waking, Sleep apnea, Restless legs
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16
Q

Physical Appearance and Mobility

A
  • Skin thinner, rougher wrinkled, spotted
  • Ears, nose, teeth, and hair change
  • Lose height and weight after 60
  • Muscle strength declines (10–20% by 60–70, 30–50% by 70–80)
  • Bone strength drops
  • Less flexibility
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17
Q

Adapting to Physical Changes of Aging

A

-Multidimensional (Appearance versus functioning)
-Effective coping strategies (Prevention, compensation
Problem-centered coping)
-Assistive technology

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18
Q

Factors in Good Health and Aging

A
  • Optimism
  • Self-efficacy
  • SES
  • Ethnicity
  • Sex
  • Nutrition
  • Exercise
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19
Q

Nutrition in Late Adulthood

A

-Need extra nutrients: Protect bones, immune system; Fight free radicals
-Problems eating: Appetite, taste changes; Chewing, digestion; Shopping, cooking
-Supplements, diet changes
may help

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20
Q

Exercise in Late Adulthood

A
  • Continued exercise best, but never too late to start
  • Benefits: Physical capacities, Brain function, Self-esteem
  • Barriers: Unaware of benefits, Discomforts
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21
Q

Sexuality in Late Adulthood

A
  • Still important: Less desire and frequency; fewer male partners for women
  • Married couples: regular, enjoyable sex
  • Continue patterns from earlier years
  • Enjoy activities other than intercourse (Men sometimes stop all activities if erection problems)
  • Cultural influences: Disapproval in West
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22
Q

Primary Aging

A
  • Genetically influenced declines
  • Affects all members of species
  • Even happens if health is good
23
Q

Secondary Aging

A
  • Declines due to heredity and environment
  • Effects individualized: Major contributor to frailty
  • Illnesses and disabilities: Arthritis, Diabetes, Mental disabilities
24
Q

Osteoarthritis

A
  • Deteriorating cartilage in frequently used joints

- Common, related to wear and tear

25
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A
  • Autoimmune response, affects whole body
  • Inflamed connective tissues: Membranes in joints
  • Cartilage grows: Can deform joints, Lost mobility
26
Q

Adult-Onset Diabetes

A
  • Too little insulin or cells insensitive to insulin
  • Increases in late adulthood: Genetics, Inactivity, abdominal fat
  • Risk of long-term damage: Circulatory system; Eyes, kidneys, nerves
  • Treatment: Lifestyle changes, Medicine
27
Q

Motor Vehicle Accidents in Late Adulthood

A

Vision problems, slower reactions

28
Q

Falling Accidents in Late Adulthood

A
  • Vision, balance, strength problems

- Risk of hip fracture

29
Q

Prevention of Accidents in Late Adulthood

A
  • Reduce driving, retrain
  • Exercise, use walking aids
  • Redesign of cars, streets, signs, structures
30
Q

Mental Disabilities in Late Adulthood

A
  • Dementia
  • Parkinson’s disease
  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • Cerebrovascular dementia
  • Misdiagnosis, reversible dementia
31
Q

Dementia (Mental Disabilities in Late Adulthood)

A

Thought and behavior impairments that disrupt everyday life

32
Q

Cerebrovascular Dementia (Mental Disabilities in Late Adulthood)

A

Strokes

33
Q

Misdiagnosis, reversible dementia (Mental Disabilities in Late Adulthood)

A

Depression

Medication side effects

34
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease Symptoms (Mental Disabilities in Late Adulthood)

A

Forgetting, disorientation, personality change, depression, motor problems, delusions, speech problems, infections

35
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease Brain Changes (Mental Disabilities in Late Adulthood)

A

Neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques in cerebral cortex

36
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease Risk Factors/Protective Factors (Mental Disabilities in Late Adulthood)

A
  • Genetic predispositions
  • High-fat diet - Mediterranean diet may help
  • Education, active lifestyle may help
37
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease Incidence (Mental Disabilities in Late Adulthood)

A

-Higher with age - nearly 50% over 80

38
Q

Select (Selective Optimization with Compensation)

A

Choose personally valued activities, avoid others

39
Q

Optimize (Selective Optimization with Compensation)

A

Devote diminishing resources to valued activities

40
Q

Compensate (Selective Optimization with Compensation)

A

Find creative ways to overcome limitations

41
Q

Deliberate (Deliberate versus Automatic Memory)

A
  • Recall more difficult

- Context helps retrieval, but slower processing, smaller working memory make context harder to encode

42
Q

Automatic (Deliberate versus Automatic Memory)

A
  • Recognition easier than recalls:More environmental support

- Implicit memory better than deliberate: Without conscious awareness, Depends on familiarity

43
Q

Associative Memory Declines in Late Adulthood

A
  • Difficulty in creating or retrieving links between pieces of information
  • Using memory cues, enhancing meaningfulness of information, can help
44
Q

Remote (Remote and Prospective Memory)

A
  • Very long-term recall

- Autobiographical memory

45
Q

Prospective (Remote and Prospective Memory)

A
  • Remembering to engage in planned actions
  • Event-based easier than time-based
  • Use reminders, repetition to help
46
Q

Language Processing in Late Adulthood

A
  • Comprehension changes very little
  • Problems retrieving specific words
  • Problems planning what to say
  • Compensation
47
Q

Problems retrieving specific words (Language Processing in Late Adulthood)

A
  • Tip-of-the-tongue

- Use more pronouns, pauses in speech

48
Q

Problems planning what to say (Language Processing in Late Adulthood)

A
  • Hesitations, false starts, repetition, sentence fragments

- Statements less organized

49
Q

Compensation (Language Processing in Late Adulthood)

A

-Simpler grammar, more sentences, gist

50
Q

Problem Solving in Late Adulthood

A
  • Real problems include family relations, IADLs
  • Extend strategies from middle adulthood: Avoid uncontrollable problems, Use experience to decide quickly when can, Consult others, Collaborate
51
Q

Factors Related to Cognitive Change

A
  • Mentally active life: Education, stimulating leisure, social participation, flexibility
  • Health
  • Retirement
  • Distance to death: Terminal decline
  • Cognitive interventions: ADEPT, ACTIVE
52
Q

Lifelong Learning

A

Educational participation increasing

  • Elderhostel
  • College courses
  • Community classes
53
Q

The Many Benefits of Lifelong Learning

A
  • New facts, ideas
  • New friends
  • Broader world perspective
  • Improved self-image

Lifespan Developmental Psych Quiz (3 decks)

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