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Lifespan Developmental Psych Test 3 > Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence > Flashcards

Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence Flashcards

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1
Q

Biological Perspective (Conceptions of Adolescence)

A
  • Puberty
  • Storm and Stress (caused by puberty hormones)
  • Freud (Transition to Genital Stage)
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2
Q

Social Perspective (Conceptions of Adolescence)

A

Social and Cultural Influences (Transitions for adolescence and how they are seen by others)

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3
Q

Balanced Point of View (Conceptions of Adolescence)

A

Both Biological and Social Influences

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4
Q

Early (Three Phases of Adolescence)

A
  • 11-12 to 14 years

- Rapid pubertal change

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5
Q

Middle (Three Phases of Adolescence)

A
  • 14 to 16 years

- Puberty nearly complete

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6
Q

Late (Three Phases of Adolescence)

A
  • 16 to 18 years
  • Full adult appearance
  • Anticipation of adult roles
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7
Q

Hormonal Changes in Puberty

A

Growth Hormone and Thyroxine increase around age 8-9 (Estrogens and Androgens)

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8
Q

Estrogens (Hormonal Changes in Puberty)

A
  • More in girls

- Adrenal estrogens

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9
Q

Androgens (Hormonal Changes in Puberty)

A
  • More in boys

- Testosterone

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10
Q

Boys (Sex Differences in Body Growth in Adolescence)

A

Growth Spurt: Starts age 12-1/2
Proportions: Shoulders broaden and Longer legs
Muscle-Fat Makeup: Gain more muscle, aerobic efficiency

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11
Q

Girls (Sex Differences in Body Growth in Adolescence)

A

Growth Spurt: Starts age 10
Proportions: Hips broaden
Muscle-Fat Makeup: Gain more fat

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12
Q

Primary Sexual Characteristics (Sexual Maturation)

A

Maturation of the reproductive organs

  • Girls: Menarche
  • Boys: Spermarche
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13
Q

Secondary Sexual Characteristics (Sexual Maturation)

A

Other visible parts of the body that signal sexual maturity

  • Girls: Breasts
  • Boys: Facial Hair, Voice Change
  • Both: Underarm Hair
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14
Q

Individual Differences in Timing of Puberty

A
  • Heredity
  • Nutrition, exercise (Body fat, leptin in girls)
  • Geographical location
  • SES
  • Ethnic group
  • Family experiences
  • Secular trend
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15
Q

Girls (Reactions to Puberty)

A
  • Surprise

- More positive than in past

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16
Q

Girls (Reactions to Puberty) Preparation

A
  • Preparation, information help

- Father’s involvement helps

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17
Q

Boys (Reactions to Puberty)

A
  • Mixed reactions

- Sooner than expected

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18
Q

Boys (Reactions to Puberty) Preparation

A
  • Preparation helps

- Could benefit from telling people

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19
Q

Girls Early Maturing (Consequences of Timing of Puberty)

A
  • Unpopular, withdrawn, low confidence
  • More deviant behavior
  • Negative body image
  • More long-term problems
20
Q

Boys Early Maturing (Consequences of Timing of Puberty)

A
  • Popular
  • Confident, independent
  • Positive body image
21
Q

Girls Late Maturing (Consequences of Timing of Puberty)

A
  • Popular
  • Sociable, lively. school leaders
  • Positive body image
22
Q

Boys Late Maturing (Consequences of Timing of Puberty)

A
  • Unpopular
  • Anxious, talkative, attention-seeking
  • Negative body image
23
Q

Eating Disorders

A
  • Anorexia nervosa

- Bulimia nervosa

24
Q

Anorexia Nervosa (Eating Disorders)

A

Starve out of fear of getting fat

25
Q

Bulimia Nervosa (Eating Disorders)

A

-Strict diet and exercise, binge and purge

26
Q

Adolescent Brain Development

A
  • Pruning Continues (Frontal Lobes)
  • Growth and Myelination speed up (Strengthen connections among regions)
  • Neurotransmitter Response Change (More sensitive to excitatory messages)
27
Q

Pruning and Growth and Myelination cause Cognitive Advances in… (Adolescent Brain Development)

A
  • Attention
  • Planning
  • Integrating Information
  • Self Regulation
28
Q

Neurotransmitter response changes Intensity reactions to… (Adolescent Brain Development)

A
  • Stress

- Pleasure, novelty

29
Q

Adolescent Brain Development:

A

Gateway to Higher Functioning

  • Increased communication between different hemispheres of the brain
  • Sleep needs are similar to that of children
30
Q

Increased communication between different hemispheres of the brain (Adolescent Brain Development)

A
  • Prefrontal cortex development

- More responsive to excitatory neural messages

31
Q

Sleep needs are similar to that of children (Adolescent Brain Development)

A
  • Unlike children, the average adolescent does not get enough sleep (9hours)
  • “Phase delay” becomes stronger with puberty, leading to increased sleep deprivation
32
Q

Piaget’s Theory: Formal Operational Stage

A

-Hypothetico-deductive Reasoning (Deducing hypotheses from a general theory
-Pendulum problem
-Propositional Thought
(Evaluating the logic of verbal propositions)

33
Q

Piaget’s Pendulum Problem

A

They are able to separate the effects of different variables

34
Q

Information Processing Improvements in Adolescence

A
  • Attention
  • Inhibition (Filter out distractions)
  • Memory strategies
  • Knowledge
  • Metacognition (More aware of how they think about things)
35
Q

Consequences of Abstract Thought

A
  • Self-Consciousness and Self-Focusing
  • Idealism and Criticism
  • Planning and Decision Making
36
Q

Self-Consciousness and Self-Focusing (Consequences of Abstract Thought)

A
  • Imaginary audience (Everyone is paying attention to everything you do)
  • Sensitivity to criticism (tension is created due to new ability to see options and differences)
  • Personal fable (Idea that you are unique and things don’t happen to you)
37
Q

Planning and Decision Making (Consequences of Abstract Thought)

A
  • Inexperience

- Overwhelming options

38
Q

Girls Verbal Skills (Sex Differences in Mental Abilities)

A
  • Performance: Girls do better from early ages, throughout school
  • Biological Influences:Girls: advantage in left hemisphere of brain
  • Environmental Influences: Parents talk more to girls and Language arts considered “feminine”
39
Q

Boys Math Skills (Sex Differences in Mental Abilities)

A
  • Performance: Boys better at abstract reasoning; Gap larger at higher levels, although shrinking
  • Biological Influences: Boys: better numerical memory, spatial reasoning
  • Environmental Influences: Mathematics considered “masculine” and Parents see boys as better at math
40
Q

Culture of Adolescent Sexuality

A
  • U.S. is more restricted in terms of open discussion about sex and sexuality
  • Many teens report learning about sex through other sources
41
Q

Characteristics of Sexually Active Teens

A
  • U.S. has one of the earliest timings of first sexual intercourse (more so for boys)
  • Early and frequent sexual intercourse has short- and long-term consequences
42
Q

Adolescent Pregnancy

A
  • 20% of sexually active teens do not always practice safe sex (800,000 teens/year in the U.S; 25,000 of these teens are younger than 15 years)
  • Change in cultural stigma against unmarried teen mothers has lead to more mothers keeping their children
43
Q

Teen Pregnancy in America

A

xxx

44
Q

Consequences of Teen Parenthood:

A
  • Educational attainment
  • Marital patterns
  • Economic stability
  • Infant health and development
45
Q

Predictors of Childbearing

A
  • Low parental warmth and often high domestic violence
  • Child abuse
  • Parental divorce and remarriage
  • Adult models of unmarried parents
  • Poor academic progress
  • Alcohol and drug use
  • Aggressive and antisocial behaviors
  • Deviant peer group
  • High rate of depression
46
Q

Adolescent Substance Use Have tried, by grade 10:

A

Cigarettes – 40%
Alcohol – 63%
Illegal drugs – 38%

47
Q

Adolescent Substance Use by end of high school:

A

14% smoke regularly
28% recent heavy drinking
50%+ tried illegal drugs

Lifespan Developmental Psych Test 3 (3 decks)

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