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Lifespan Developmental Psych Test 3 > Middle Adulthood > Flashcards

Middle Adulthood Flashcards

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1
Q

Vision Changes in Middle Adulthood

A
  • Presbyopia
  • Difficulties in dim light
  • Reduced color discrimination
  • Glaucoma risk
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2
Q

Presbyopia (Vision Changes in Middle Adulthood)

A
  • Problems reading small print

- Bifocals if nearsighted

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3
Q

Hearing Changes in Middle Adulthood

A

Presbycusis

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4
Q

Presbycusis (Hearing Changes in Middle Adulthood)

A

“Old Hearing”

  • Earliest, most loss in high frequencies
  • Gender, cultural differences (Men lose more hearing)
  • Hearing aids can help
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5
Q

Skin Changes in Middle Adulthood

A
  • Wrinkles (Forehead: starting in 30s; Crow’s Feet: 40s)
  • Sagging (Face, arms, legs)
  • Age Spots (After age 50)
  • Faster with sun exposure, for women
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6
Q

Muscle-Fat Makeupin Middle Adulthood

A
  • Middle-age spread common (fat gain in torso) Men: upper abdomen, back; Women: waist, upper arms
  • Very gradual muscle declines
  • Can be avoided (Low-fat diet with fruits, vegetables, grains; Exercise: resistance training)
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7
Q

Climacteric and Menopause

A
  • Gradual end of fertility

- Drop in estrogen

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8
Q

Gradual end of fertility (Climacteric and Menopause)

A
  • Menopause follows 10–year climacteric

- Age range extends from late thirties to late fifties

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9
Q

Drop in estrogen (Climacteric and Menopause)

A
  • Shorter monthly cycles, eventually stop

- Can cause problems including Sexual functioning/ Cholesterol

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10
Q

Individual differences (Reactions to Menopause)

A
  • Importance of child-bearing capacity

- Other interests

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11
Q

Cultural differences (Reactions to Menopause)

A
  • Medicalization in industrial West linked to complaints
  • Ethnic differences in North America
  • Social status of aging women linked to reactions
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12
Q

Male Reproductive Changes in Middle Adulthood

A
  • Reduced sperm and semen after 40
  • Gradual testosterone reduction
  • Erection Problems
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13
Q

Gradual testosterone reduction (Male Reproductive Changes in Middle Adulthood)

A

Sexual activity stimulates production

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14
Q

Erection Problems (Male Reproductive Changes in Middle Adulthood)

A
  • Frequent problems may be linked to anxiety, diseases, injury, loss of interest
  • Viagra and other drugs
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15
Q

Health in Middle Age

A
  • Over 80% rate as good or excellent (Decline from early adulthood)
  • More chronic diseases than in early adulthood
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16
Q

Sexuality in Middle Adulthood

A
  • Slight drop in frequency among married couples (Continue patterns from early adulthood, More sex in good marriages)
  • Intensity of response declines (Slower arousal due to climacteric, Partner may seem less attractive)
  • Sex still important, enjoyable to most
  • Gender differences in partner availability
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17
Q

Osteoporosis

A

-Severe bone loss, fragile bones (Bone breaks can be life-threatening)
-Women develop earlier;
men often overlooked

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18
Q

Causes of Osteoporosis

A
  • Normal aging (With age, bones more porous, lose bone mass; Menopause estrogen drop speeds loss)
  • Heredity, size
  • Lifestyle
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19
Q

Midlife Exercise

A
  • Many physical and psychological benefits (Stress management)
  • Barriers to beginning in middle age (Time, energy, health, lack of facilities)
  • Self-efficacy (Both helps exercise and is improved by it)
  • Choose activities that match personality, lifestyle
20
Q

Double Standard of Aging

A
  • Aging men rated more positively; women more negatively
  • Evolutionary roots; media, social messages
  • May be declining
21
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

Depends on basic information processing skills:

  • Detecting relationships among stimuli
  • Analytical speed
  • Working memory
22
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A 
Skills that depend on:
-Accumulated knowledge
-Experience
-Good judgment
-Mastery of social conventions
Valued by person’s culture
23
Q

Lifestyle (Individual and Group Factors in High Intelligence Scores)

A
  • High education
  • Complex job or leisure
  • Lasting marriage
  • High SES
24
Q

Personal (Individual and Group Factors in High Intelligence Scores)

A
  • Flexible personality
  • Healthy
  • Gender
  • Cohort
  • Perceptual speed
25
Q

Neural Network View (Age-Related Slowing ofInformation Processing)

A
  • Neurons in brain die, breaking neural connections
  • Brain forms new connections
  • New connections are less efficient
26
Q

Information-Loss View (Age-Related Slowing ofInformation Processing)

A
  • Information lost at each step through cognitive system

- Whole system slows down to inspect, interpret information

27
Q

Attention in Middle Adulthood

A
  • More difficulties in Multitasking, Focusing on relevant information, Switching attention, Connecting visual information, Inhibition
  • May be linked to slower processing
  • Experience, practice, training help adults compensate
28
Q

Memory in Middle Adulthood

A
  • Working memory decreases from 20s to 60s (Less use of memory strategies–may be due to slower processing, attention problems)
  • Adults can compensate with Self-pacing, Strategy reminders, Relevant information
  • Few changes in: Factual Knowledge, Procedural Knowledge, Metacognitive Knowledge
29
Q

Factual Knowledge (Memory in Middle Adulthood)

A

xxx

30
Q

Procedural Knowledge (Memory in Middle Adulthood)

A

xxx

31
Q

Metacognitive Knowledge (Memory in Middle Adulthood)

A

xxx

32
Q

Practical Problem Solving (Middle Adulthood)

A
  • Evaluate real-world situations
  • Achieve goals that have high uncertainty
  • Helped by expertise
33
Q

Expertise (Middle Adulthood)

A
  • Extensive, highly organized knowledge base
  • Provides efficient, effective approaches to solving problems
  • Organized around abstract principles
  • Result of years of experience
34
Q

Erikson’s Theory (Middle Adulthood)

A

Generativity versus Stagnation

35
Q

Generativity (Erikson’s Theory: Generativity versus Stagnation)

A
  • Reaching out to others in ways that give to and guide the next generation
  • Commitment extends beyond self
  • Typically realized through child rearing
  • Other family, work mentoring relationships also generative
36
Q

Stagnation (Erikson’s Theory: Generativity versus Stagnation)

A
  • Place own comfort and security above challenge and sacrifice
  • Self-centered, self-indulgent, self-absorbed
  • Lack of involvement or concern with young people
  • Little interest in work productivity, self-improvement
37
Q

Midlife Crisis?

A
  • Research: Wide individual differences
  • Gender differences: Men: changes in early 40s; Women: late 40s–50s, different directions
  • Sharp disruption uncommon
  • Differences in handling regrets (Changes or not; Interpretation, acceptance)
38
Q

Stage View (Midlife: Stage or Life Events?)

A

Midlife changes are developmental transitions or crises

39
Q

Life Events View (Midlife: Stage or Life Events?)

A

Midlife changes simply adaptation to normal life events

40
Q

Midlife: Stage or Life Events?

A

Many researchers suggest a combination of continuity and stagewise change

41
Q

Self-Perceptions in Midlife

A
  • More complex, integrated self-descriptions
  • Increases in feelings of: Self-acceptance, Autonomy, Environmental mastery
  • Linked to increased well-being, happiness
  • Varies with culture
42
Q

Grandparenthood

A

-Become grandparent average late 40s (Can spend one-third of life)
-Highly meaningful to most
-Grandparenting styles vary
(Geography, age, gender, SES, ethnicity are factors)

43
Q

Trends in Grandparenting

A
  • Raising grandchildren

- Coping with divorce of grandchildren’s parents

44
Q

Meanings of Grandparenthood

A
  • Valued elder
  • Immortality through descendents
  • Reinvolvement with personal past
  • Indulgence
45
Q

Middle-Age Children andTheir Aging Parents

A
  • More likely than in past to have living parents
  • Reassess relationships with parents
  • Proximity increases with age (Move closer or move in together)
  • Children provide more help to parents (Financial, household aid, caregiving; Helping based on earlier relationships)
46
Q

Caring for Aging Parents

A
  • “Sandwich generation”
  • Finances, location, gender, culture are factors
  • Highly stressful (Average 20 hours/week, Often starts suddenly, duration uncertain, Work and costs increase, Hard to witness parent’s decline, Support needed)

Lifespan Developmental Psych Test 3 (3 decks)

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