Physical and chemical reaction principles

Question 1

pH

Answer 1

Double indicator principle with broad spectrum colors (methyl red and bromthymol blue)

Question 2

Specific Gravity

Answer 2

pKa of pretreated polyelectrolytes in relation to ion concentrations

Question 3

Glucose

Answer 3

Double enzymatic reaction principle:

1) glucose oxidase oxidizes glucose to produce gluconic acid and H2O2
2) peroxidase reduces H2O2 and oxidizes test chem to produce color change

Question 4

Protein

Answer 4

Error of indicator reaction: presence of protein at constant pH causes color change from green color

Question 5

Ketone

Answer 5

Reaction of acetoacetic acid with nitroprusside stain

Question 6

Blood

Answer 6

Usage of enzymatic activity of hemoglobin to react with

Question 7

Leukocytes

Answer 7

Usage of leukocyte esterase found in granulocytes to produce color change

Question 8

Bilirubin

Answer 8

Diazo reaction with bilirubin causes color change

Question 9

Urobilinogen

Answer 9

Erlinch-based test where urobilinogen reacts with test chemical to produce color change

Question 10

Nitrite

Answer 10

Based on bacteria’s ability to reduce nitrate to nitrite. Nitrite in sample reacts with test reagent to form diazonium compound

Question 11

Color (AUWI Principle)

Answer 11

spectrophotometry

Question 12

Clarity (AUWI Principle)

Answer 12

light scatter/transmittance

Question 13

Specific Gravity (AUWI Principle)

Answer 13

refractometry