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NPTE Biophysical Agents > Physical Agents > Flashcards

Physical Agents Flashcards

1
Q

Conduction

A

Heat transfer from a warmer object to a cooler object by means of direct molecular interaction of objects in physical contact

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2
Q

Conductive modalities

A

Hot pack

Paraffin

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3
Q

Convection

A

Heat transfer by movement of air or fluid from a warmer area to a cooler area or moving past a cooler body part

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4
Q

Convection modalities

A

whirlpool

fluidotherapy

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5
Q

Radiation

A

transfer of heat from a warmer object to a cooler object by means of transmission of electromagnetic energy without heating of an intervening medium
Infrared waves absorbed by a cooler body

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6
Q

Radiation modality

A

infrared

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7
Q

Impact of general heat application - what increases

A 
CO
Metabolic rate
Pulse rate
RR
VD
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8
Q

Impact of general heat application - what decreases

A 
BP
mm activity
Blood to internal organs
Blood to resting mm 
SV
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9
Q

Precautions with superficial thermotherapy

A 
Cardiac insufficiency 
Edema
Impaired circulation
Impaired thermal regulation
Metal in tx site
Pregnancy 
Demyelinated nerves
Open wounds
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10
Q

Contraindications with superficial thermotherapy

A 
Acute and early subacute traumatic and inflammatory conditions
Dec circulation
Dec sensation
Deep vein thrombophlebitis 
Impaired cog function
Malignant tumors 
Very young and very old
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11
Q

Superficial heating physical agents

A 
Hot pack
Paraffin bath
Fluidotherapy
Infrared
Hydrotherapy 
Nonimmersion irrigation device
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12
Q

Superficial heating physical agents - hot pack

A

A canvas pack filled with silica gel, heated by immersion in water between 165 and 170 F

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13
Q

Superficial heating physical agents - hot pack - method of head transmission

A

conduction

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14
Q

Superficial heating physical agents - hot pack - the hot pack will reach peak heat when

A

5 minutes - so check skin

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15
Q

Superficial heating physical agents - hot pack - treatment duration

A

usually 20-30 min

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16
Q

Superficial heating physical agents - paraffin

A

therapeutic application of liquid paraffin to a body part for the transmission of heat
Thermostatically controlled unit that contains a paraffin wax and mineral oil mixture

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17
Q

Superficial heating physical agents - Paraffin - method of transmission

A

conduction

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18
Q

Superficial heating physical agents - paraffin treatment time

A

generally 15-20 min

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19
Q

Superficial heating physical agents - paraffin indications

A

Painful joints

joint stiffness

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20
Q

Superficial heating physical agents - paraffin contraindications

A

allergic rash
open wounds
recent scars or sutures
skin infections

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21
Q

Superficial heating physical agents - hydrotherapy

A

whirlpool - partial or total immersion baths in which water is agitated and mixed with air to be directed against or around the affected part

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22
Q

Superficial heating physical agents - hydrotherapy - method of transmission

A

convection

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23
Q

Superficial heating physical agents - hydrotherapy treatment time

A

20 minutes

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24
Q

Superficial heating physical agents - hydrotherapy - indications

A

subacute and chronic musculoskeletal conditions

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25
Q

Superficial heating physical agents - hydrotherapy contraindications

A

NOT FOR WOUND MANAGEMENT

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26
Q

Superficial heating physical agents - non immersion irrigation device is what

A

small hand held electric water pump that produces water jet to create a shearing force to loosen tissue debris

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27
Q

Superficial heating physical agents - non immersion irrigation device - treatment time

A

5 to 15 min once a day

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28
Q

Cryotherapy - Abstraction

A

The removal of heat by means of conduction or evaporation

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29
Q

Cryotherapy - conduction

A

transfer of heat from a warmer object to a cooler object by means of direct molecular interaction o fobjects in physical contact

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30
Q

Cryotherapy - conduction modalities

A

cold pack
ice pack
ice massage
cold bath

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31
Q

Phys effects of general cold application - what dec

A

metabolic rate
pulse rate
RR
venous BP

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32
Q

Phys effects of general cold application - what inc

A

Blood flow to internal organs
CO
SV
Arterial BP

33
Q

Cryotherapy - evaporation

A

Highly volatile liquids that evaporate rapidly on contact with warm object

34
Q

Cryotherapy - evaporation modalities

A

vapocoolant spray

35
Q

Contraindications with cryotherapy

A 
cold hypersensitivity 
cold intolerance 
cryoglobulinemia 
PVD
Impaired temp sensation
Raynauds
Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria 
over regenerating peripheral nerves
36
Q

Cryotherapy procedures

A 
Cold packs 
Ice packs
Ice massage
Vapocoolant spray
Contrast baths
37
Q

Cryotherapy - cold packs

A

vinyl casting filled with silica gel or sand slurry mixture

Packs maintained in unit at 0-10F

38
Q

Cryotherapy - cold packs - treatment time

A

10 to 20 min

39
Q

Cryotherapy - ice packs

A

crushed ice folded in moist towel or placed in plastic bag covered by moist towel

40
Q

Cryotherapy - ice packs treatment time

A

10-20 minutes

41
Q

Cryotherapy - cold and ice packs - method of tranmission

A

conduction

42
Q

Cryotherapy - ice massage

A

ice cylinder formed by freezing water in a paper or styrofoam cup
salt can be added to create a colder slush mixture

43
Q

Cryotherapy - ice massage - pt will experience what sequence of feelings

A

Cold
Burning
Aching
Numbness

44
Q

Cryotherapy - ice massage treatment time

A

5-10 minutes or until analgesia occurs

45
Q

Cryotherapy - ice massage - DO NOT

A

go over superficial nerve or bone

46
Q

Cryotherapy - vapocoolant spray

A

A nontoxic, noninflammable volatile liquid that produces rapid cooling when a fine spray is applied to the skin

47
Q

Cryotherapy - vapocoolant spray - used primarily for what

A

to reduce mm spasm

desensitize trigger points

48
Q

Cryotherapy vapocoolant spray application

A

spray at 30 degree angle
let evaporate before next sweep
mm should be passively stretching during application
have pt perform active exercise after

49
Q

Cryotherapy vapocoolant spray treatment time

A

10-15 min

50
Q

Cryotherapy - contrast bath

A

the alternating immersion of a body part in warm and cold water to produce vascular exercise through active VD and VC of BVs

51
Q

Cryotherapy - contrast bath - application

A

Usually start in warm to hot (100-111F)
Warm water for 4 min and then cold (55-65F) for 1 min
Continue like this and end in warm

52
Q

Cryotherapy - contrast bath - tx time

A

20 to 30 min

53
Q

Cryotherapy - contrast bath indications

A

anything requiring stimulation of peripheral circulation

54
Q

Cryotherapy - contrast baths - contraindications

A

advanced arteriosclerosis
arterial insufficiency
loss of sensation to heat and cold

55
Q

US - Spatial average intensity

A

the total power divided by the area of the transducer head

this is usually what is documented

56
Q

US - beam nonuniformity ratio

A

the ratio of spatial peak intensity to spatial average intensity
lower the BNR, the more uniform the energy distribution and the less risk of tissue damage
BNR should be between 2:1 and 6:1 (ideal 1:1 is not feasible)

57
Q

US - continuous vs. pulsed

A

continued will give thermal effects

pulsed when nonthermal effects are desired

58
Q

US - duty cycle

A

the fraction of time the US energy is on over one pulse period
Duty cycle of less than 50% is considered pulsed
Continuous is 100%

59
Q

US - temporal peak intensity

A

the peak intensity of US during the on time phase of the pulse period

60
Q

US - temporal average intensity

A

the US power avg over one pulse period

61
Q

US - attenuation

A

the reduction of acoustical energy as it passes through soft tissue

62
Q

US - absorption is highest where

A

in tissues with high collagen and protein content

mm, tendons, ligaments, capsules

63
Q

US - depth of penetration

A

3-5 cm
at 3MHz greater heat production in superficial layers caused by greater attenuation of sound waves
ex - TMJ

64
Q

US - Effects of US - Thermal

A

Produced by continuous sound energy of sufficient intensity

Range from 0.5-3 w/cm

65
Q

US - effects - nonthermal

A

generated by very low intensity or pulsed sound energy

typically 20-50% duty cycle

66
Q

US - nonthermal - cavitation

A

Alternating compression (condensation phase) and expansion (refraction phase) of small gas bubbles in tissue fluids caused by mechanical pressure waves

67
Q

US - nonthermal - cavitation - stable

A

gas bubbles resonate without tissue damage

68
Q

US - nonthermal - cavitation - unstable

A

Sever collapse of gas bubbles during compression phase of US and can result in local tissue destruction due to high temp

69
Q

US - nonthermal - cavitation - unstable - acoustic streaming

A

movement of fluids along the boundaries of cell membranes resulting from mechanical pressure wave

70
Q

US - contraindications

A

Impaired circulation, cog function, sensation, malignant tumor, thrombophlebitis, over the brain, ear, eye, heart, cervical ganglia, carotic sinus, reproductive organs, spinal cord, pacemaker, pelvis with pregnancy

71
Q

US - DO not use US for

A

reducing swelling, promoting joint healing, long term pain relief

72
Q

US - direct contact - intensity

A

0.5-2.5
Lower for acute/thin tissue
Higher for chronic/thick tissue

73
Q

Phonophoresis

A

The use of US to drive medications through the skin into deeper tissues
lidocaine or dexamethazone for ex

74
Q

Phonophoresis - mode, tx time, intensty

A

pulsed mode 20%
tme is 5-10 min
0.5-0.75

75
Q

Shortwave diathermy

A

deep heating within the tissues

76
Q

Shortwave diathermy - indications with theraml

A

Inc joint ROM
pain management
inc tissue healing

77
Q

Shortwave diathermy - indications with non thermal

A

Pain control
dec edema
resolution of acute or chronic infection
wound control and soft tissue healing

78
Q

Shortwave diathermy - contraindications

A

pregnancy

cardiac pacemaker, neural stimulator or any implanted device

NPTE Biophysical Agents (3 decks)

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