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Hand & Upper Extremity > Physical Agent Modalities > Flashcards

Physical Agent Modalities Flashcards

1
Q

What are physical agent modalities (PAMs)?

A
  • procedures and treatment interventions that use light, sound, water, temperature, and electricity to modify client factors that limit occupational performance
  • PAMS include cryotherapy, thermotherapy, ultrasound, phonophoresis, electrotherapy (i.e. TENS, NMES), iontophoresis, low-level laser therapy, and light therapy
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2
Q

PAMs are considered a ___ ___ for the therapeutic use of occupations or purposeful activities.

A

-preparatory method

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3
Q

Regulatory oversight of the use of PAMs occurs at which levels? Which level determines PAM competency regulations?

A
  • regulatory oversight occurs at the local, state, and national levels
  • state licensure boards determine PAM competency regulations
  • practitioners must be knowledgeable about PAMs and able to use clinical reasoning in considering indications, contraindications, precautions, and documentation for application of each modality
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4
Q

Cryotherapy: Basic Purpose

A

-cryotherapy cools tissue to 1-2 cm depth

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5
Q

Cryotherapy: Methods

A
  • ice massage
  • ice
  • towels
  • cold packs
  • cold water immersion baths
  • cool whirlpools
  • cold compression units
  • vapocoolant sprays
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6
Q

Cryotherapy: Effects

A
  • pain relief
  • decreased edema
  • decreased muscle spasms
  • decreased inflammation
  • decreased metabolic activity of the tissue
  • reduced nerve conduction velocity
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7
Q

Cryotherapy: Indications, Contraindications, and Precautions

A

-avoid use with clients with impaired circulation, peripheral vascular disease, hypersensitivity to cold, impaired sensation, open wounds, or infections

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8
Q

Thermotherapy: Basic Purpose

A

-thermotherapy heats tissues to 1-2 cm depth

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9
Q

Thermotherapy: Methods

A
  • warm whirlpools
  • fluidotherapy
  • hot packs
  • contrast baths
  • paraffin baths
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10
Q

Thermotherapy: Effects

A
  • increased blood flow
  • increased rate of cell metabolism
  • increased inflammation
  • increased muscle contraction velocity
  • increased capillary permeability
  • increased oxygen consumption
  • decreased fluid viscosity
  • decreased muscle spasms
  • decreased pain
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11
Q

Thermotherapy: Indications, Contraindications, and Precautions

A

-avoid use with clients with acute inflammation, edema, sensory impairment, cancer, blood clots, infection, cardiac problems, and impaired cognition

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12
Q

Ultrasound: Basic Purpose

A

-ultrasound heats tissue to 1-5 cm depth

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13
Q

Ultrasound: Effects (Thermal)

A
  • increase tissue extensibility and blood flow

- decrease pain, joint stiffness, muscle spasm, and chronic inflammation

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14
Q

Ultrasound: Effects (Non-Thermal)

A
  • increase protein synthesis and bone healing

- decrease inflammation

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15
Q

Ultrasound: Effects (Phonophoresis)

A

-phonophoresis is the use of ultrasound to promote absorption of topically applied medication to accelerate tissue repair and decrease inflammation

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16
Q

Ultrasound: Indications, Contraindications, and Precautions

A
  • avoid use with pregnancy, over eyes, pacemaker, bleeding, infections, cancer, over blood clots, and growth plate of bones in children
  • be cautious when using with inflammation, fractures, breast implants, and clients with cognitive, language, or sensory impairments
17
Q

Electrical Stimulation: Methods

A
  • NMES
  • TENS
  • iontophoresis
18
Q

Electrical Stimulation: Effects (NMES)

A
  • promotes wound healing
  • maintains muscle mass
  • increases ROM
  • decreases edema
  • facilitates voluntary motor control
  • decreases spasm and spasticity
  • can be used as an orthotic substitute
19
Q

Electrical Stimulation: Effects (TENS)

A

-primarily controls pain through three possible mechanisms: gate control, endorphin release, and acupuncture

20
Q

Electrical Stimulation: Effects (Iontophoresis)

A
  • decreases inflammation

- controls pain

21
Q

Electrical Stimulation: Indications, Contraindications, and Precautions

A
  • do not use over pacemakers, carotid sinus, pregnant uterus, eyes, and clients with epilepsy, cancer, infection, decreased sensation, cardiac disease and stroke
  • with iontophoresis use, be aware of possible drug allergies
22
Q

Low-Level Laser and Light Therapy: Methods

A
  • light emitting diodes
  • super luminous diodes
  • low-level laser diodes
23
Q

Low-Level Laser and Light Therapy: Effects

A
  • decreased pain, edema, and inflammation
  • increased wound healing
  • decreased scar tissue
24
Q

Low-Level Laser and Light Therapy: Indications, Contraindications, and Precautions

A
  • wear protective eyewear when using laser

- do not use over vagus nerve, carotid sinus, pregnant uterus, eyes, infection, endocrine glands, or cancer

Hand & Upper Extremity (11 decks)

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