Physical Activity, Health, And Chronic Disease PART 3 CH1

Question 1

What is the metabolic syndrome also known as ?

Answer 1

Syndrome X, Insulin-Resistance Syndrome or prediabetes syndrome

Question 2

What is the metabolic syndrome refers to a combination of CVD risk factors associated with what?

Answer 2

hypertension,
dyslipidemia,
insulin resistance, &
abdominal obesity.

Question 3

What is obesity & overweight?

Answer 3

The World Health Organization says that its as having abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health

ranks as the 5th leading risk factor for death worldwide.

More than 2.1 billion people worldwide are classified as being overweight or obese (Smith and Smith, 2016).

Globally, more than 1 in 3 adults (≥ 18 yrs) is overweight, & more than 1 in every 10 adults is obese (WHO, 2016).

Question 4

What adult obesity rates according to the organisation for economic co-operation and development?

Answer 4

highest in the United States (38.2%), Mexico (32.4%), New Zealand (30.7%), Hungary (30.0%), Australia (27.9%), United Kingdom (26.9%), and Canada (25.8%)
while they are lowest in Japan (3.7%) and Korea (5.8%).

Question 5

What is the body mass index classification for somebody who’s underweight?

Answer 5

< 18.5 kg m-2

Question 6

What is the body mass index classification for somebody who’s normal?

Answer 6

18.5 - 24.9 kg x m-2

Question 7

What is the body mass index classification for somebody who’s overweight?

Answer 7

25.0 - 29.9 kg x m-2

Question 8

What is the body mass index classification for somebody who’s obese class I?

Answer 8

30.0 - 34.9 kg x m-2

Question 9

What is the body mass index classification for somebody who’s obese class II?

Answer 9

35.0 - 39.9 kg x m-2

Question 10

What is the body mass index classification for somebody who’s obese class III?

Answer 10

Over 40.0 kg x m-2

Question 11

What are the overall Canadian results for body mass index during 2016 and 2017?

Answer 11

Normal weight = 40%
Overweight = 34%
Obese = 27%

Question 12

What is the relation between obesity and higher household education?

Answer 12

People who are more educated tend to be less obese than the ones with less education about life style and nutrition.

Question 13

What are the risk of obesity?

Answer 13

Shorter life expectancy
Coronary heart disease
Hypercholesterolemia
Hypertension
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Certain cancers
Osteoarthritis

Question 14

What are the musculoskeletal diseases & disorders?

Answer 14

Osteoporosis
Osteoarthritis
Bone fractures
Connective tissue tears
Low back syndrome

Question 15

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 15

Is a disease characterized by the loss of bone mineral content & bone mineral density due to factors such as:
Aging,
Amenorrhea,
Malnutrition,
Menopause, &
Physical inactivity.

Question 16

What determines bone mineral density?

Answer 16

A bone density test (BMD)

Your BMD is compared to 2 norms: healthy young adults (T-score) and age-matched adults (Z-score).

First, your BMD result is compared with the BMD results from healthy 25- to 35-year-old adults of your same sex and ethnicity.

The standard deviation (SD) is the difference between your BMD and the BMD of healthy young (25- to 35-year-old) adults.

This SD value is called a T-score.

Positive T-scores indicate the bone is stronger than normal.
Negative T-scores indicate the bone is weaker than normal.

Question 17

What the different osteoporosis fractures?

Answer 17

Vertebral fractures : most common
Wrist fractures
Hip fractures : most devastating

Question 18

What are the factors that help counteract age-related bone loss?

Answer 18

Adequate calcium intake
Adequate vitamin D intake
Regular physical activity : weight-bearing endurance activities and resistance exercise

Question 19

What is the leading cause of death worldwide?

Answer 19

Cancer, 10 millions deaths in 2020

In 2020, the most common cancers (new cases) were:
Breast cancer (2.26 million cases);
Lung cancer (2.21 million cases);
Colon and rectum cancer (1.93 million cases);
Prostate cancer (1.41 million cases);
Skin (non-melanoma) cancer (1.20 million cases); and
Stomach cancer (1.09 million cases).

Question 20

In 2020, what were the most common causes of cancer death?

Answer 20

Lung cancer (1.80 million deaths);
Colon and rectum cancer (935 000 deaths);
Liver cancer (830 000 deaths);
Stomach cancer (769 000 deaths); and
Breast cancer (685 000 deaths).

Question 21

How many Canadians should expect to receive a diagnosis of cancer in their lifetime?

Answer 21

Nearly half
The number of new cancer cases and cancer deaths has been increasing each year as the population grows and ages.
The costs of cancer care in Canada rose from $2.9 billion in 2005 to $7.5 billion in 2012.

Question 22

The stats for cancer in 2023?

Answer 22

45% Canadians are expected to be diagnosed with cancer (239 100 projected new cases among Canadians in 2023)

45% Canadian males are expected to be diagnosed with cancer (124 200 projected new cases among Canadian males)

44% Canadian females are expected to be diagnosed with cancer (114 projected new cases among Canadian females in 2023)

Question 23

What the most commonly diagnosed cancers in Canada 2023?

Answer 23

13.0% Lung and bronchus cancer
12.0% Breast cancer
11.0% Prostate cancer
10.0% Colorectal cancer

Question 24

Cancer mortality in Canada?

Answer 24

22% Canadians are expected to die from cancer (86 700 projected new deaths among Canadians in 2023)

24% Canadian males are expected to die (46 500 projected new deaths)

21% Canadian females are expected to die (40 200 projected new deaths)

Question 25

What are the leading causes of cancer mortality in Canada?

Answer 25

24.0% Lung and bronchus cancer
11.0% colorectal cancer
7.0% pancreas cancer
6.0 breast cancer

Question 26

What is stage 0 of cancer?

Answer 26

There is a group of abnormal cells that may develop into cancer at some time in the future but are not yet considered cancer

Question 27

What is stage 1 of cancer?

Answer 27

The cancer is relatively dismal and contained within the organ in which it started

Question 28

What is stage 2 of cancer?

Answer 28

The cancer has not spread into surrounding tissue but the tumour is larger than in stage 1. Sometimes stage II means the cancer cells have spread into lymph nodes close to the tumour

Question 29

What is stage 3 of cancer?

Answer 29

The cancer is large and may have spread into surrounding tissues and lymph nodes in the area.

Question 30

What is stage 4 of cancer?

Answer 30

The cancer has spread through the blood or lymphatic system from where it started to a distant site in the body.

Question 31

What are the main cancer risk factors?

Answer 31

Tobacco use
Alcohol use
Unhealthy diet
Physical inactivity
Infection-related risk factors
Hepatitis
Human papilloma virus (HPV)

Question 32

What does the American Cancer Society recommends?

Answer 32

150 min/wk of moderate-intensity physical activity,
75 min/wk of vigorous-intensity physical activity, or
an equivalent combination thereof beyond the normal activities of daily living.

Question 33

Adults who participate in greater amounts of physical activity reduce what risks?

Answer 33

Developing cancers to the bladder, breast, colon, endometrium, esophagus, kidney, lung and stomach