Physical Activity, Health And Chronic Disease Part 2 CH1

Question 1

What is a risk factor?

Answer 1

A factor associated with an increase in the chances of developing a disease.

It may be a cause or simply a risk marker.

A risk factor associated with decreased risk is known as a protective factor.

Question 2

What is Coronary heart disease caused by?

Answer 2

Is caused by a lack of blood supply to the heart muscle (myocardial ischemia), resulting from a progressive, degenerative disorder known as atherosclerosis.

Question 3

What are the health consequences of coronary heart disease?

Answer 3

Angina pectoris – chest pain (sigh of heart problem).
Myocardial infarction – heart attack.

Question 4

What happens with the progression of atherosclerosis?

Answer 4

Overtime, you get plaque build up and there’s inflammation. Part of the muscle will be damaged and you wont function like before the heart attack.

Question 5

What are the positive risk factors for CHD?

Answer 5

Age
Family history
Hypercholesterolemia
Hypertension
Current cigarette smoking (use of tobacco)
Diabetes or Prediabetes
Overweight and Obesity
Physical inactivity

Question 6

What are the negative risk factor for CHD?

Answer 6

HDL-cholesterol (lets say good cholesterol)

Question 7

What are the factors that damage the inner lining of the Coronary Arteries?

Answer 7

High blood cholesterol
High blood LDL cholesterol
High blood triglycerides
High blood homocysteine levels
Excessive dietary cholesterol
Excessive saturated dietary fat
Diabetes
High blood pressure
Smoking cigarettes (nicotine)
Chronic inflammation from gum disease or STDs
Reaction to perceived emotional stress & anger

Question 8

What is the inter heart study?

Answer 8

More than 80% of the global burden of CVD occurs in low-income & middle-income countries.

However, knowledge of the importance of risk factors is largely derived from developed countries.

This study’s main purpose was to clarify whether the effects of risk factors for coronary heart disease vary in different countries or ethnic groups of the world.

Applicable worldwide

Question 9

What are the 9 modifiable risk factors?

Answer 9

Smoking (no safe level)
Lipids
Hypertension (self-reported)
Diabetes (self-reported)
Obesity
Diet
Physical Activity
Alcohol Consumption
Psychosocial Factors

Question 10

What are the 2 most important risk factors int he inter heart study?

Answer 10

Smoking and Abnormal lipids accounts for about 2/3 of the population attributable risks of an acute MI

Question 11

What is hypertension?

Answer 11

is a chronic, persistent elevation of blood pressure that is clinically defined as
a systolic BP over130 mm Hg, or
a diastolic BP over 80 mm Hg, or
taking antihypertensive medicine.

Question 12

What is the 2017 updated blood pressure classification for adults?

Answer 12

Normal = < 120 and < 80
Elevated = 120-129 and <80
Stage 1 hypertension = 130-139 or 80-89
Stage 2 hypertension over 140 or over 90
Hypertensive Crisis over 180 and/or over 120

Question 13

What are the exercise prescription for individuals with hypertension in aerobic exercise?

Answer 13

Frequency = most days of the week
Intensity = moderate =40 to <60% VO2R, RPE = 12-13
Duration over 30 of continuous or accumulated PA per day
Mode = primarily aerobic activities

Question 14

What are the exercise prescription for individuals with hypertension in resistance exercise?

Answer 14

Frequency = 2 or 3 days/week
Intensity = 60 to 80% 1-RM
Duration = over 2 stets, 8-12 reps and major muscle groups
Mode = Supplemented

Question 15

What is hypercholesterolemia?

Answer 15

An elevation of total cholesterol in the blood.
also referred to as hyperlipidemia.

Question 16

What is dyslipidemia?

Answer 16

An abnormal blood lipid profile.
high TC and/or, high LDL-C, and/or low HDL-C.

Question 17

What is cholesterol?

Answer 17

is a waxy fatlike substance found in all animal products.
is not a true fat.
is soluble in fats rather than in water.
is essential for body functions.
in excess, it can clog arteries & increase the risk of CVD.

Question 18

What are the functions of cholesterol?

Answer 18

Used to build cell membranes.
A major component of myelin in nerves.
Used to synthesize steroid hormones: produce sex hormones.
Used to form bile acids necessary for fat digestion.
A precursor of Vitamin D.

Question 19

What are the sources of cholesterol - endogenous?

Answer 19

80% of the body’s total cholesterol is manufactured
in the liver.
A diet high in saturated fatty acids increases its
formation.
In a cholesterol-free diet, synthesis varies between
0.5 to 2.0 g.

Question 20

What are the sources of cholesterol - exogenous?

Answer 20

20% comes from dietary sources of animal origin.

Question 21

Look at the tables in the power points for the transportation of lipids

Answer 21

Yes

Question 22

What is the cholesterol & Triglyceride guidelines?

Answer 22

Total Cholesterol
LDL Cholesterol
HDL Cholesterol
Triglycerides

Question 23

For total cholesterol, what is desirable?

Answer 23

Less than 200 mg x do-1 and les than 5.2 mmoles x L -1

Question 24

For total cholesterol, what is borderline high?

Answer 24

200 to less than 240 mg x dL-1 and 5.2 to less than 6.2 mmol x L-1

Question 25

For total cholesterol, what is high?

Answer 25

Less than 240 mg x dL-1 and less than 6.2 mmol x L-1

Question 26

For LDL cholesterol, what is optimal?

Answer 26

Less than 100 mg x dL-1 and less than 2.6 mmol x L-1

Question 27

What is diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 27

Is a group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in:
insulin secretion, and/or
insulin action (or proper use of insulin).
is a major endocrine disorder.

Question 28

What are the different types of diabetes mellitus?

Answer 28

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus : insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and juvenile onset diabetes
Type 2 Diabeyes MELLITUS : non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and adult inset diabetes
Gestational Diabetes : de vélos in 2-5% of all pregnancies but disappeares when pregnancy is over
Other Specific Types of Diabetes that result from specific genetic syndromes, surgery, drugs, malnutrition, and other illnesses

Question 29

Apprendre les tableaux sur le diabetes

Answer 29

Yes

Question 30

Conversion factors

Answer 30

Sample Calculations
Total Cholesterol: 200 mg·dL-1 x 0.02586 = 5.2 mmol·L-1
Glucose: 110 mg·dL-1 x 0.05551 = 6.0 mmol·L-1