Physical Activity & Cancer Rehabilitation: Physical and Functional Well-being Flashcards
How can Cancer harm physical function of an individual?
- Promotes loss of muscle (cardiac & skeletal) mass and strength
- Promotes loss of lean muscle mass
What causes loss of muscles strength and mass in cancer survivors?
- Cytokines
- Fatty acid-derived eicosanoids
What causes loss of lena muscle mass in cancer survivors?
- Decline in protein synthesis
- Enhance protein catabolism (degradation)
Why do cancer patients see a decline in protein synthesis?
Due to:
- Physical inactivity (deconditioning)
- Reduction in the supply of amino acids in protein production
Why do cancer patients see an enhancement of protein catabolism (degradation)?
Increased expression of components in the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway
How do muscles change in cancer survivors?
- Reduction in muscle and muscle fiber cross-sectional area
- Loss of muscle extensibility
- Decrease in proteins necessary for metabolism
What do cancer survivors experience when reduced protein synthesis and enhanced muscle degradation occurs?
- Muscle weakness
- Decreased functional work capacity
- Decreased flexibility
- Reduced mobility
- Diminished quality of life
How does muscle endurance decrease in healthy populations?
- Decrease in muscle endurance after 2 weeks of inactivity
- Aging can cause declines in muscle mass
Are these changes in muscle endurance the same in cancer populations?
They can potentially be even worse in cancer populations
What did Ringholm et al. 2011 study?
12 young, healthy male subjects who were assigned 7 days of bed rest:
- Completed knee extensor exercises before and after bed rest
What did Ringholm et al. 2011 find?
7 days bed rest reduces skeletal muscle metabolic capability and exercise induced adaptive gene responses (interferes with ability of skeletal muscles to adapt during exercise
What is physical activity important for improving? What types of training are best?
Areas in strength and fitness
1. Aerobic training
2. Resistance training
What did PA improve in Sweegers MG, et al. 2019 study?
Improvements in
- Upper body muscle strength
- Lower body muscle strength
- Lower body muscle function
- Aerobic Fitness
What did LaStayo et al. 2011 study?
40 cancer survivors with a mean age of 74 years old. Two groups a control groupn and a renew group on a eccentric stepper that work at lower levels of exertion to produce high muscle workloads. 3 times weekly, 3-5 min sessions, 16-20 mins for last 8 weeks
What did LaStayo et al. 2011 find?
- Increases in quadriceps lean tissue cross-sectional area
- Knee extension strength
- Six minute walk distance
- Decrease in time to safely descend stairs
What can we conclude about high-force low perceived exertion from LaStayo et al. 2011 study??
May increase muscle size, strength, power and is feasible for older cancer survivors
What is Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) used for?
Management of prostate cancer
How is ADT achieved?
- Surgical castration
- Medications
What is Luteinizing hormone?
A med used for ADT that releases hormone agonist
What do Antiandrogen medications do?
Bloack androgen receptors
What are some adverse effects of ADT?
Reduced - muscle strength, lean and bone mass
Increased - fat mass and fracture risk
Why are these adverse effects of ADT a concern?
- Compromise physical function
- Reduce independence
- Detrimental to quality of life
What did Segal et al. 2003 study?
155 prostate cancer survivors scheduled to have ADT for at least 3 months. Randomized control trial where exercise group had a 12 week resistance program (3x per week, 9 exercises, 60-70% of one rep max)
What did Segal et al. 2003 find?
- Increased muscular fitness
- Reduced fatigue
What does resistance training lead to for Non ADT individuals?
Acute testosterone release
Does resistance compromise testosterone suppression? What is improved and why?
No, improvements in physical functioning due to increase in:
- Serum growth hormone and DHEA
