Physical Activity and Physical Fitness Assessment Flashcards
physical activity definition
as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure.
exercise definition
Exercise is a subcategory of physical activity. Exercise is physical activity that is planned, structured, repetitive, and purposive in the sense that improvement or maintenance of one or more components of physical fitness is an objective
sedentary behaviour definition
any waking behaviour characterized by an energy expenditure ≤1.5 metabolic equivalents (METs), while in a sitting, reclining or lying posture
One MET definition
as 1 kcal/kg/hour and is roughly equivalent to the energy cost of sitting quietly.
dangers of prolonged sitting
20% drop in good cholesterol
blood flow decrease
blood sugar rises
metabolism slows by 25-50%
examples of subjective self reports of physical activity
modifiable activity questionnaire
previous week modifiable activity
recent physical activity questionnaire
previous day physical activity recall
7-day physical activity recall
GP Physical activity questionnaire
examples of objective reports of physical activity
Direct observation
Pedometer: step count only
Heart rate monitor
Accelerometer: provide information on intensity of activity
benefits of self/report subjective assessment of physical activity
Cheap
Quick
Target large groups
People tend to over-estimate their physical activity.
Depending on level of cognition/literacy may find it difficult to fully answer questionnaire.
benefits of objective assessment of physical activity
More accurate
Expensive
Analysis can be time consuming
Compliance with wearing device: comfort/forgetfulness
muscular strength and endurance exercise improve what factors
bone mass - osteoporosis
glucose tolerance - diabetic or pre-diabetic
musculo-tendinous integrity
ability to carry out ADL - QoL
Fat free mass and resting metabolic rate - weight mx
1RM
the max weight a person can lift for a single repetition for a given exercise.
Determine 1RM within four trials with rest periods 3-5 min between trials
select initial weight within subjects perceived capacity 50-70%
resistance progress 5-10% UL or 10-20% for LL
how do you calculate a patients 1RM if patient can complete 10 reps of 5kg for shoulder press
65% - 25 reps
70% - 22 reps
75% - 16 reps
80% - 11 reps
85% - 7 reps
90% - 4 reps
95% - 2 reps
5 x (100/80) = 6.25kg
1RM = 6.25
examples of anthropometric measurements
BMI
waist-hip circumference
circumference - abdomen, arm, buttock, hips, calf, forearm, hips/thigh, mid-thigh, waist
hydrodensitrometry
DXA scan
bioimpedance analysis - based on electrical conductive properties of body, measure body composition
VO2 max
the maximum amount of oxygen the body can utilize during exercise
the higher VO2 MAX is the healthier
implies an individuals true physiological limit has been reached and a plateau is made
3 women = heart risk
66 women = elite
how is VO2 max calculated
CO x (a-v O2 difference) [cardiac output X the amount ofO2 taken up from the blood by the tissues]
when is a Peak VO2
used when leveling off O2consumption does not occur, or maximum performance appears limited by local muscular factors rather than central circulatory dynamics
what is used to measure a VO2max
Open circuit spirometry
Used in a graded incremental or ramp exercise test to exhaustion
describe design of open circuit spirometry
the subject breathes through a low-resistance valve with his or her nose occluded (or through mask) while pulmonary ventilation and expired O2 and CO2 are measured
use of open circuit spirometry is used during maximal exercise to assess ventilatory threshold
ventilatory anerobic threshold -VAT
the point where pulmonary ventilation increases disproportionately relative to increases in oxygen consumption during a graded exercise test
Respiratory exchange ratio
the ratio between the volume of CO2being produced by the body and the amount of O2being consumed.
respiratory exchange ratio calculation
VCO2÷ VO2
average respiratory exchange ratio at rest
0.8
what does respiratory exchange ratio of 0.7 indicate
that fats are being used as the body’s main fuel source while 1 means mostly carbohydrates are being used.
benefit of CPET
good objective measure of a patient’s preoperative fitness, which in turn is a strong predictor of postoperative outcome.
well documented in surgical interventions
what is assessed and screened before a CPET
informed consent
patients questions
exercise participation health screening
pre-exercise evaluation - medical hx and CVD risk factor Ax
self guided questionnaire e.g. PAR-Q+
What medication recommendation is given to patients using the CPET for diagnostic purposes
discontinue prescribed CVS medication only with physician approval
anti-anginal agens alter hemodynamic response to exercise and reduce sensitivity of ECG changes for ischemia
intermediate/high dose beta blocking agents taper meds over 2-4 day period minimise hyperadrenergic withdrawal
What medication recommendation is given to patients using the CPET for exercise prescription purposes
continue medication regimen as usual
non invasive measurements in CPET
Heart rate
Blood pressure
12 Lead ECG
Subjective ratings (RPE) / Chest Pain / Fatigue
Ventilatory expired gas analysis responses
invasive measurements in CPET
Arterial Blood gases – not always taken, may useradial artery catheter for continuous monitoring, take separately Pre/Post test
Lactate monitoring
how drastic of a drop in systolic and rise blood pressure to terminate the CPET
greater than or equal to 10 mmHg
greater > 250 mm Hg and or diastolic pressure > 115
what BP rise during exercise would indicate a predictive future of resting hypertension
peak SBP > 20 mm Hg or increased in SBP > 140 mm above pre-test resting value
what abnormal level of HR indicate increased risk for IHD
fails to decrease by at least 12 beats during first minute or 22 beats by end of second minute of active post exercise recovery
maximal test
require participants to exercise to the point of volitional fatigue, which may be inappropriate for some individuals and may require the need for emergency equipment
submaximal test
aim of submaximal exercise testing is to determine the HR response to one or more submaximal work rates and use the results to predict VO2max . Although the primary purpose of the test has traditionally been to predict VO2max from the HR workload relationship, it is important to obtain additional indices of the client’s response to exercise.
example of submaximal test
chester step test
