Exercise Physiology

Question 1

Impact of exercise on CVS

Answer 1

Increase HR
Increase SV
Increase CO
Increase BP
redistribution of blood to muscle and under perfused lung parenchyma
reduced dead space ventilation

Question 2

Resting HR

Answer 2

60-100 BPM

Question 3

Resting cardiac output

Answer 3

5L/min

Question 4

Describe change in systolic blood pressure exercise

Answer 4

rapidly increases and plateaus at 140–160
for 2-3 mins
due to increase Blood flow to active muscles
systolic BP gradually decline - arterioles in active muscle continue to dilate - reducing peripheral resistance to blood flow

Question 5

how does diastolic pressure change with activity

Answer 5

remains unchanged with activity

Question 6

describe physiology of arterial vessels, cardiac output and mean arterial pressure in resistance exercise

Answer 6

compress peripheral arterial vessels that supply active muscles
increase total peripheral resistance and reduce muscle perfusion
muscle blood flow decrease proportionally to %age of max force capacity exerted\increase in sympathetic nervous activity - CO and MAP
Magnitude if hypertensive response relates to intensity of effort and quantity of muscle mass

Question 7

how does systolic blood pressure respond to exercise

Answer 7

after exercise
systolic BP temporarily falls below pre-exercise levels for normotensive and hypertensive pt due to peripheral vasodilation
hypotensive response last up to 12 hours

Question 8

how drastic can a drop in systolic blood pressure be with 30 mins of daily aerobic activity

Answer 8

4-9 mm Hg

Question 9

physiologically how can trainers and athletes adapt to exercise

Answer 9

endurance - lower resting HR and increased SV
increased skeletal muscle microcirculation - increased capillary:fibre ratio
increased myoglobin - protein in muscle cells provide oxygen to working muscles

Question 10

what causes a reduced resting heart rate in endurance athletes

Answer 10

increased vagal(parasympathetic) tone and decreased sympathetic drive

Question 11

what causes endurance athletes to have increased stroke volume

Answer 11

to increased
blood volume,
myocardial contractility
compliance of the left ventricle.

Question 12

minute ventilation definition

Answer 12

Ve
the volume of air that enters into the lungs per minute
(VE) = RR x (Tidal volume)

Question 13

dead space definition

Answer 13

The volume ofventilatedair that does not participate in gas exchange.- Vd

Question 14

how does the dead space change with exercise

Answer 14

At rest 25-35%
During exercise 5-20%

Question 15

alveolar ventilation definition

Answer 15

air the reaches the alveoli and is involved in gaseous exchange

Question 16

maximum voluntary ventilation

Answer 16

evaluates ventilator capacity with rapid deep breathing for 15 seconds.
The 15 seconds is extrapolated to the volume if the subject continued for 1 minute.

Question 17

dynamic hyperinflation

Answer 17

when a breath is initiated prior to complete exhalation of the previous breath, during a time of increased ventilatory needs e.g. exercise

Question 18

list the respiratory adaptations for swimmers

Answer 18

larger static lung volumes and increased pulmonary diffusion capacity

Question 19

study findings in Cahalin and Arena 2015

Answer 19

Breathing exercises and inspiratory muscle training improve functional capacity in heart failure patients

Question 20

study findings for Neves et al 2014

Answer 20

Evidence that respiratory muscle training can increase exercise tolerance in people with COPD

Question 21

how is inspiratory muscle training

Answer 21

Individuals can breathe in against resistance. The resistance can be gradually increased

Question 22

list 3 energy systems

Answer 22

instant energy
short term energy
long term energy

Question 23

instant energy used

Answer 23

stored ATP and creatine phosphate

Question 24

short term energy

Answer 24

anaerobic metabolism of glucose

Question 25

long term energy

Answer 25

aerobic metabolism uses glucose and fatty acids with relative contribution depending on intensity

Question 26

where is lactic acid produced and what is its function

Answer 26

produced during a series of chemical reactions during anaerobic activity.

During prolonged steady-state exercise lactic acid is metabolised as fuel for exercise

Question 27

enhancing the metabolism of lactate

Answer 27

Specific training adaptations can improve your efficiency in removing lactate from muscles and stimulate substances which help weaken/buffer the effect of H+ ions in the muscle.

Question 28

fuel sources

Answer 28

muscle glycogen is primary source of energy
carbohydrates are stored in liver and muscles as glycogen

Question 29

how does regular physical activity affect the immune system

Answer 29

engaging regularly in moderate to vigorous physical activity is associated with
31% risk reduction of community acquired infectious disease and 37% risk reduction in infectious disease mortality
increased strength of mucosal immune barrier and high conc of immune cells
strengthening the effect of vaccination

Question 30

cardiovascular structural adaptation to training

Answer 30

increased;
enlarged LV cavity size
enlarged LV wall thickness
heart mass
left ventricular compliance
left atrial dimensions

Question 31

cardiovascular functional adaptations

Answer 31

increased
cardiac contractility
stroke volume
cardiac output
diastolic function
venous return
total blood volume
oxygen carrying capacity
rate of energy production
rate of force production

decrease
total peripheral resistance
pericardial constrain

Question 32

haematological structural adaptations

Answer 32

increase
red cell mass
plasma volume

Question 33

haematological functional adaptation

Answer 33

increase;
total blood volume
oxygen carrying capacity

Question 34

muscle structural adaptations

Answer 34

increased;
mitochondrial density
capillary/fibre ratio
type 1 fibres
mitochondrial oxidative enzymes
neural recruitment

Question 35

muscle functional adaptations

Answer 35

increased
rate of energy production
rate of force production

Question 36

respiratory functional adaptations

Answer 36

increase;
respiratory muscle endurance
respiratory muscle strength
increase minute ventilation/oxygen consumption