Exercise Physiology Flashcards
Impact of exercise on CVS
Increase HR
Increase SV
Increase CO
Increase BP
redistribution of blood to muscle and under perfused lung parenchyma
reduced dead space ventilation
Resting HR
60-100 BPM
Resting cardiac output
5L/min
Describe change in systolic blood pressure exercise
rapidly increases and plateaus at 140–160
for 2-3 mins
due to increase Blood flow to active muscles
systolic BP gradually decline - arterioles in active muscle continue to dilate - reducing peripheral resistance to blood flow
how does diastolic pressure change with activity
remains unchanged with activity
describe physiology of arterial vessels, cardiac output and mean arterial pressure in resistance exercise
compress peripheral arterial vessels that supply active muscles
increase total peripheral resistance and reduce muscle perfusion
muscle blood flow decrease proportionally to %age of max force capacity exerted\increase in sympathetic nervous activity - CO and MAP
Magnitude if hypertensive response relates to intensity of effort and quantity of muscle mass
how does systolic blood pressure respond to exercise
after exercise
systolic BP temporarily falls below pre-exercise levels for normotensive and hypertensive pt due to peripheral vasodilation
hypotensive response last up to 12 hours
how drastic can a drop in systolic blood pressure be with 30 mins of daily aerobic activity
4-9 mm Hg
physiologically how can trainers and athletes adapt to exercise
endurance - lower resting HR and increased SV
increased skeletal muscle microcirculation - increased capillary:fibre ratio
increased myoglobin - protein in muscle cells provide oxygen to working muscles
what causes a reduced resting heart rate in endurance athletes
increased vagal(parasympathetic) tone and decreased sympathetic drive
what causes endurance athletes to have increased stroke volume
to increased
blood volume,
myocardial contractility
compliance of the left ventricle.
minute ventilation definition
Ve
the volume of air that enters into the lungs per minute
(VE) = RR x (Tidal volume)
dead space definition
The volume ofventilatedair that does not participate in gas exchange.- Vd
how does the dead space change with exercise
At rest 25-35%
During exercise 5-20%
alveolar ventilation definition
air the reaches the alveoli and is involved in gaseous exchange
maximum voluntary ventilation
evaluates ventilator capacity with rapid deep breathing for 15 seconds.
The 15 seconds is extrapolated to the volume if the subject continued for 1 minute.
dynamic hyperinflation
when a breath is initiated prior to complete exhalation of the previous breath, during a time of increased ventilatory needs e.g. exercise
list the respiratory adaptations for swimmers
larger static lung volumes and increased pulmonary diffusion capacity
study findings in Cahalin and Arena 2015
Breathing exercises and inspiratory muscle training improve functional capacity in heart failure patients
study findings for Neves et al 2014
Evidence that respiratory muscle training can increase exercise tolerance in people with COPD
how is inspiratory muscle training
Individuals can breathe in against resistance. The resistance can be gradually increased
list 3 energy systems
instant energy
short term energy
long term energy
instant energy used
stored ATP and creatine phosphate
short term energy
anaerobic metabolism of glucose
long term energy
aerobic metabolism uses glucose and fatty acids with relative contribution depending on intensity
where is lactic acid produced and what is its function
produced during a series of chemical reactions during anaerobic activity.
During prolonged steady-state exercise lactic acid is metabolised as fuel for exercise
enhancing the metabolism of lactate
Specific training adaptations can improve your efficiency in removing lactate from muscles and stimulate substances which help weaken/buffer the effect of H+ ions in the muscle.
fuel sources
muscle glycogen is primary source of energy
carbohydrates are stored in liver and muscles as glycogen
how does regular physical activity affect the immune system
engaging regularly in moderate to vigorous physical activity is associated with
31% risk reduction of community acquired infectious disease and 37% risk reduction in infectious disease mortality
increased strength of mucosal immune barrier and high conc of immune cells
strengthening the effect of vaccination
cardiovascular structural adaptation to training
increased;
enlarged LV cavity size
enlarged LV wall thickness
heart mass
left ventricular compliance
left atrial dimensions
cardiovascular functional adaptations
increased
cardiac contractility
stroke volume
cardiac output
diastolic function
venous return
total blood volume
oxygen carrying capacity
rate of energy production
rate of force production
decrease
total peripheral resistance
pericardial constrain
haematological structural adaptations
increase
red cell mass
plasma volume
haematological functional adaptation
increase;
total blood volume
oxygen carrying capacity
muscle structural adaptations
increased;
mitochondrial density
capillary/fibre ratio
type 1 fibres
mitochondrial oxidative enzymes
neural recruitment
muscle functional adaptations
increased
rate of energy production
rate of force production
respiratory functional adaptations
increase;
respiratory muscle endurance
respiratory muscle strength
increase minute ventilation/oxygen consumption
